Skip to main content

Social Media, Social Inclusion and Women’s Self-Esteem

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Arab Women and the Media in Changing Landscapes

Abstract

Alyedreessy, Helsdingen and Al-Sobaihi consider that self-esteem is largely dependent on external validation and social inclusion: high inclusion is related to high self-esteem whereas social isolation is related to lower levels of self-esteem. Lives become virtual, forming links and networks within an internet society, and the question arises of how experiences of being included and acknowledged in this internet society relate directly to women’s feelings of self-esteem. The chapter draws attention to the concept of imaginary audience and its import in the Arabian Peninsula. The authors focus on the Saudi Arabian environment, where women have traditionally experienced limited opportunities for social inclusion, and contemporarily social media provides new means of social interaction and self-expression. Thus, they investigate relationships between inclusion in social media, imaginary audiences and women’s self-esteem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Al-Subaie, M. “What are the factors underlying the differences between young Saudi women in traditional families that choose to conform to the society norms, and young Saudi women who do not conform.” International Journal of Social, Education, Economics and Management Engineering 8 (2014): 588–591.

    Google Scholar 

  • “Arab Social Media Report.” Dubai School of Government, 2011. http://www.arabsocialmediareport.com/UserManagement/PDF/ASMR%20Report%203.pdf (accessed August 20, 2015).

  • Baumeister, R.F. and Leary, M.R. “The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.” Psychological Bulletin 117 (1995): 497–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, Roy F., Campbell, Jennifer D., Krueger, Joachim I. and Vohs, Kathleen D. “Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness or Healthier Lifestyles?” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4 (2003): 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, M. T. and Reis, H. T. “Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988): 991–1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denissen, J. J., Penke, L., Schmidt, D. P. and Van Aken, M. A. G. “Self-esteem reactions to social interactions: evidence for sociometer mechanisms across days, people, and nations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (2008): 181–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. and Diener, M. “Cross-Cultural Correlates of Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995): 653–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkind, D. “Egocentrism redux.” Developmental Review 5 (1985): 218–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkind, D. “Egocentrism in adolescence.” Child Development 38 (1967): 1025–1034.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, Nicole B., Steinfield, Charles and Lampe, Cliff. “The Benefits of Facebook Friends: Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites.” Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 12 (2007): 1143–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firestone, L. “Self-Esteem vs. Narcissism.” Retrieved from Psychalive: http://www.psychalive.org/2012/06/self-esteem-vs-narcissism/.

  • Forest, Amanda L. and Wood, Joanne V. “When Social Networking Is Not Working.” Psychological Science (2012): 645–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A. and Cheng, H. “Perceived Parental Behaviour, Self-Esteem, and Happiness.” Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology 35 (2000): 463–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glendinning, A. “Family Life, Health and Lifestyles in Rural Areas: The Role of Self-Esteem.” Health Education 2 (1998): 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuczkowski, Rebecca M. “The Imaginary Audience, Self-Consciousness, and Public Individuation in Adolescence.” Journal of Personality (1994): 219–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M.T. “Self-esteem as an Interpersonal Monitor: The Sociometer Hypothesis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1995): 518–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M.R. and Baumeister, R.F. “The Nature and Function of Self-Esteem: Sociometer Theory.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 32 (2000): 1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • LePine, J.A. and Van Dyne, L. “Predicting Voice Behaviour in Work Groups.” Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (1998): 853–868.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWilliams, M. Psychoanalytic Diagnosis. Guilford: Guilford Press, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehdizadeh, S. “Self-Presentation 2.0: Narcissism and Self-Esteem on Facebook.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking (2010): 357–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, C.A. Kingdom’s Future: Saudi Arabia Through the Eyes of its Twentysomethings. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, Sandra L., Holmes, J.G. and Collins, N.L. “Optimizing assurance: The risk regulation system in relationships.” Psychological Bulletin, 132 (2006): 641–666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naarajan, D. N. Between Conformity and Non-Conformity: A Comparative Study of the Feminist Critique of the Patriarchal Roles of Women in Doris Lessing and Rajam Krishnan. India: Pondicherry University, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nirkko, O.M., Lauroma, P., Siltanen, H., Tuominen and Vanhala, K. “Psychological Risk Factors Related to Coronary Heart Disease. Prospective Studies Among Policemen in Helsinki.” Acta Medica Scandinavica 211 (1982): 137–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peter, J., Valkenburg, P.M. and Schouten, A.P. “Characteristics and motives of adolescents: Talking with strangers on the Internet and its consequences.” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 9 (2006): 526–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raskin, R.N. and Hall, C.S. “A narcissistic personality inventory.” Psychological Reports (1979): 590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. and Kuczkowski, Rebecca. “The imaginary audience, self-consciousness, and public individuation in adolescence.” Journal of Personality 62 (2006): 219–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahi, H.K. Negotiating with the Past and Contemporary Life of Indian Woman: A Study of the Works of Shashi Deshpande and Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. India: Punjabi University, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharlott, B.W. and Christ, W.G. “Overcoming Relationship-Initiation Barriers: The Impact of a Computer-Dating System on Sex Role, Shyness, and Appearance Inhibitions.” Computers in Human Behavior 11 (1995): 191–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomaes, S., Bushman, B.J., Stegge, H. and Olthof, T. “Trumping shame by blasts of noise: narcissism, self-esteem, shame, and aggression in young adolescents.” Child Development, 79 (2008): 1792–1801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torevell, T. “Anxiety UK study finds technology can increase anxiety.” (July 9, 2012). http://www.anxietyuk.org.uk/2012/07/for-some-with-anxiety-technology-can-increase-anxiety/#more-7197 (accessed August 20, 2015).

  • Tosun, L. and Lajunen, T. “Does Internet use reflect your personality? Relationship between Eysenck’s personality dimensions and Internet use.” Computers in Human Behavior 26 (2010):162–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K.C. “Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (2000): 748–762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K.C. Social Ostracism: Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors. New York: Plenum Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anne S. Helsdingen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alyedreessy, L.M., Helsdingen, A.S., Al-Sobaihi, B. (2017). Social Media, Social Inclusion and Women’s Self-Esteem. In: Maestri, E., Profanter, A. (eds) Arab Women and the Media in Changing Landscapes. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62794-6_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics