Abstract
J.T. Farrell (1904–79) was a prominent Chicagoan author of Irish-American heritage. He is best known for his novels exploring Irish-American identity in postwar Chicago, most notably the Studs Lonigan trilogy (1932–35), comprising three novels: Young Lonigan (1932), The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan (1934), and Judgement Day (1935).
This entry focuses on Farrell’s Studs Lonigan trilogy, its South Side Chicago setting, and how this relates to the formation of Irish-American identity within postwar America’s melting pot. By interrogating how the eponymous Studs’ Chicagoan neighborhood is presented as an urban environment in which different ethnic groups – Irish-American, African-American, and Jewish – harbor futile aspirations to distinguish themselves as distant from one another and therefore closer to an American mainstream defined by whiteness, the entry explores the Irish-American identity crisis resulting from these tensions during the period. Beginning with some background on Irish-American identity, the entry argues that Farrell’s trilogy exposes the fallacious nature of the American Dream when read in the context of ethnic competition and identity formation in 1930s South Side Chicago.
References
Primary Sources
Farrell, James T. 1980. Studs Lonigan: Young Lonigan, the young manhood of Studs Lonigan, judgement day. Reading: Granada Publishing.
Secondary Sources
Branch, Edgar M. 1963a. James T. Farrell. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Web.
Branch, Edgar M. 1963b. James T. Farrell, University of Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers, No. 29. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Web.
Byrne, James P. 2003. Seeking agency, finding nothing: Irish American identity as a his-story of absence in James T. Farrell’s Studs Lonigan. Foilsiú: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Irish Studies 3 (1): 7–20. Web.
Cappetti, Carla. 1993. Writing Chicago: Modernism, ethnography, and the novel. New York: Columbia University Press. Web.
Diner, Hasia R. 1983. Erin’s daughters in America: Irish immigrant women in the nineteenth century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Web.
Douglas, Ann. 1977. “Studs Lonigan” and the failure of history in mass society: A study in Claustrophobia. American Quarterly 29 (5): 487. Web.
Dowd, Christopher. 2014. The construction of Irish identity in American literature. New York: Routledge.
Farrell, James T. 1948. The league of frightened philistines, and other papers. London: Routledge. Print.
Flynn, Peter. 2012. Screening the stage Irishman: Irish masculinity in early American cinema, 1895–1907. The Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists 12 (2): 121–147. Web.
Flynn, Dennis, and Jack Salzman. 1976. An interview with James T. Farrell. Twentieth Century Literature: A Scholarly and Critical Journal 22 (1): 1–10. Web.
Goldsmith, Arnold L. 1991. The modern American urban novel: Nature as “interior structure”. Detroit: Wayne State UP. Print.
Hatfield, Ruth. 1941. The intellectual honesty of James T. Farrell. The English Journal 30 (10): 789–798. Web.
Herberg, Will. 1955. Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An essay in American religious sociology. 1st ed. Garden City: Doubleday. Web.
Ignatiev, Noel. 1995. How the Irish became white. New York/London: Routledge. Web.
Johnson, Claudia Durst. 2004. Youth gangs in literature. Westport: Greenwood Press. Web.
Kennedy, John F. 1964. A Nation of Immigrants. New York: Harper and Row.
Onkey, Lauren. 2005. James Farrell’s Studs Lonigan trilogy and the anxieties of race. Éire-Ireland: A Journal of Irish Studies 40 (3–4): 104–118. Web.
Parrillo, Vincent N. 1996. Diversity in America. Thousand Oaks/London: Pine Forge Press. Web.
Shiffman, Daniel. 1999. Ethnic competitors in Studs Lonigan. Melus 24 (3): 67. Web.
Thernstrom, Stephan. 1980. Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups. Cambridge, MA/London: Belknap Press of Harvard University. Web.
Walter, Bronwen. 2001. Outsiders inside: Whiteness, place, and Irish women. New York: Routledge. Web.
Wirth-Nesher, Hana. 1996. City codes: Reading the modern urban novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Web.
Further Readings
Abramson, Harold J. 1973. Ethnic diversity in Catholic America. New York: Wiley Web.
Allen, Theodore. 2014. The invention of the white race. 2nd ed. Verso Web.
Amis, Martin. 1995. A Chicago of a novel: “The adventures of Augie March”, by Saul Bellow (Book Review). Atlantic Monthly 2764: 114. Web.
Anon. 2018. Roosevelt bars the hyphenated. New York Times (13th October 1915). http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9901e0dd1239e333a25750c1a9669d946496d6cf. Last accessed 26 Nov 2018.
Apseloff, Stanford. 1969. James T. Farrell: A visit to Chicago. Kent: Kent State University Libraries Web.
Baran, Dominika. 2017. Language in immigrant America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Web.
Bornstein, George. 2011. [The colors of zion electronic resource]: Blacks, Jews, and Irish from 1845 to 1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Web.
Branch, Edgar M. 1961. Studs Lonigan: Symbolism and theme. College English 23 (3): 191–196 Web.
Branch, Edgar M. 1996. Studs Lonigan’s neighborhood and the making of James T. Farrell. Newton: Arts End Books Web.
Brookhiser, Richard. 1991. The way of the WASP: How it made America, and how it can save it, so to Speak. New York/Oxford: Free Press/Maxwell Macmillan International Web.
Casanova, José. 2012. The politics of nativism: Islam in Europe, Catholicism in the United States. Philosophy & Social Criticism 38 (4–5): 485–495 Web.
Cohen, Sarah Blacher. 1978. Saul Bellow’s Chicago. Modern Fiction Studies 24: 139–146 Web.
Deaux, Kay. 2008. To be an American: Immigration, hyphenation, and incorporation. Journal of Social Issues 64 (4): 925–943 Web.
Ebest, Ron. 1995. The Irish Catholic schooling of James T. Farrell, 1914–23. Éire-Ireland 30 (4): 18–32 Web.
Farrell, James T. 1956. Reflections at fifty and other essays. London: Neville Spearman Web.
Flynn, Peter. 2011. How Bridget was framed: The Irish domestic in early American Cinema, 1895–1917. Cinema Journal l (2): 1–20 Web.
Gelfant, Blanche H. 1970. The American city novel; Theodore Dreiser, Thomas Wolfe, Sherwood Anderson, Edith Wharton, John Dos Passos, James T. Farrell, Nelson Algren, Betty Smith, Leonard Bishop, Willard Motley, and others. 2nd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press Web.
Gelfant, Blanche H. 2005. Changelings in Studs Lonigan and one flew over the Cuckoo’s nest. Prospects 29: 473–540 Web.
Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel P. Moynihan. 1970. [Beyond the melting pot electronic resource]: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press Web.
Hallissy, Margaret. 2006. Reading Irish-American fiction: The hyphenated self. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hirschman, Charles. 1983. America’s melting pot reconsidered. Annual Review of Sociology 9: 397 Web.
Japtok, Martin. 2005. [Growing up ethnic electronic resource]: Nationalism and the Bildungsroman in African American and Jewish American fiction. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press Web.
Kelleher, Patricia. 2009. Class and Catholic Irish masculinity in antebellum America: Young men on the make in Chicago. Journal of American Ethnic History 28 (4): 7–42 Web.
Kibler, M.A. 2016. “Something dreadful and grand”: American literature and the Irish-Jewish unconscious. Stephen Watt. MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States: mlw039 Web.
Lauret, Maria. 2016. Americanization now and then: The “nation of immigrants” in the early twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Journal of American Studies 50 (2): 447 Web.
Lenz, Peter. 2010. ‘Not all of them are paddies’: Irish-Americans and the (un-/re-)embracing of Irish identity. Anglia: Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie 128 (2): 298–314 Web.
Lovett, Robert Morss. 1937. James T. Farrell. The English Journal 26 (5): 347–354 Web.
McCaffrey, Lawrence J. 1987. The Irish in Chicago. Urbana: University of Illinois Press Web.
McMahon, Eileen M. 1996. What Parish are you from?: A Chicago Irish community and race relations. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky Web.
Mihele, Roxana. 2010. Ethnic identity and the Jewish American writers. American, British and Canadian Studies 2: 90–103 Web.
Moynihan, Sinéad. 2013. “Other people’s diasporas”: Negotiating race in contemporary Irish and Irish American culture. 1st ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press Web.
O’Brien, Matthew. 2005. “Hibernians on the March”: Irish America and ethnic patriotism in the mid-twentieth century. Éire-Ireland 40 (1): 170–182 Web.
O’Neill, Peter D., and David Lloyd. 2009. The black and green Atlantic: Cross-currents of the African and Irish diasporas. Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan Web.
Rushdie, Salman. 1991. Imaginary homelands: Essays and criticism 1981–1991. London: Granta Books in association with Penguin Web.
Sarkissian, Deacon. 1978. Is the melting pot a reality?,vol. xi. Paramus. Web.
Shaffner, Randolph P., and Walter W. Hunt. 1984. The apprenticeship novel: A study of the “Bildungsroman” as a regulative type in western literature with a focus on three classic representatives by Goethe, Maugham, and Mann. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Web.
Smith, Michael P., and Joe R. Feagin. 1995. [The Bubbling Cauldron electronic resource]: Race, ethnicity, and the urban crisis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Web.
Weathers, Glenda B. 1986. The territorial imperative in Studs Lonigan. South Atlantic Review 51 (1): 101–113 Web.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Heeney, J. (2021). Chicago and the Irish-American Identity Crisis in J.T. Farrell’s Studs Lonigan Trilogy (1932–1935). In: Tambling, J. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban Literary Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62592-8_318-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62592-8_318-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-62592-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-62592-8
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Trilogy (1932–1935)- Published:
- 31 March 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62592-8_318-2
-
Original
Trilogy (1932–1935)- Published:
- 26 November 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62592-8_318-1