Abstract
Interpersonal violence (IV) is common self-perpetuating and can have a lasting psychosocial impact. Between 50% and 75% of nationally representative adult samples endorse histories of physical or sexual violence. IV rarely occurs in isolation. Rather, multiple, repeated exposure to trauma and adversity is the norm rather than the exception, particularly when exposure to IV begins during childhood. The experience of IV is associated with negative effects across domains of functioning. Victims of IV are at higher risk than non-victims or victims of non-interpersonal traumas for a range of psychiatric conditions, including PTSD, depression, substance use disorders, suicide attempts, and personality disorders. Without intervention, IV can have a long-lasting impact on psychosocial functioning. Accordingly, assessment of IV will be most useful if it is approached multidimensionally and with the aim of capturing reactions that cut across multiple diagnostic categories and psychosocial domains. The goal of this chapter is to provide practical strategies, tools, and tips on how to assess IV and its impact. This chapter begins with a review of the current literature on the prevalence and associated sequelae of interpersonal violence (IV) and then provides guidance on how to conduct a comprehensive assessment with an emphasis on involving clients collaboratively in the process. Specific recommendations are provided for setting the assessment frame, assessing strengths and needs, and providing feedback on results. The chapter ends with a review of empirically validated measures that can be used to assess domains of impact.
This chapter was initially published with an incorrect copyright holder name. It has been corrected to © Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Self-Report Measures of Psychiatric Symptoms and Resilience
Measure Name | Citation | Domain assessed | # Items/administration time |
|---|---|---|---|
PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) | Weathers et al. (2013c) | PTSD symptoms | 20 items/15 min |
Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) | Foa et al. (1997) | PTSD symptoms | 49 items/20 min |
Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) | Weiss and Marmar (1996) | PTSD symptoms | 22 items/15 min |
The ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ) | Karatzias et al. (2016) | PTSD/complex trauma symptoms | 28 items/15 min |
The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) | Cloitre et al. (2018) | PTSD/complex trauma symptoms | 12 items/10 min |
Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI-2) | Briere (2011) | Complex trauma symptoms | 136 items/20 min |
Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) | Bernstein and Putnam (1986) | Dissociative symptoms | 28 items/15 min |
Post-traumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI) | Foa et al. (1999) | Post-traumatic beliefs | 33 items/15 min |
The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) | Friborg et al. (2003) | Resilience and adaptation | 37 items/15 min |
The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) | Connor and Davidson (2003) | Resilience and adaptation | 25 items/10 min |
The Resilience Scale (RS) | Wagnild and Young (1993) | Adaptive strengths | 25 items/10 min |
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) | Zimet et al. (1990) | Social support | 12 items/5 min |
Brief COPE (BCOPE) | Carver (1997) | Coping behaviors | 28 items/10 min |
Appendix 2
Self-Report and Interview-Based Measures for the Assessment of IV Exposure and Impact
Measure name | Citation | Type | Domain assessed | # Items/administration time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire (SLESQ) | Goodman et al. (1998) | Self-report | Trauma screen | 13 items/10 min |
Trauma History Questionnaire | Hooper et al. (2011) | Self-report | Trauma screen | 24 items/15 min |
Structured Trauma-Related Experiences and Symptoms Screener for Adults (STRESS-A) | Grasso et al. (2019) | Self-report | Trauma screen | 29 items/15 min |
Vulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale (VASS) | Schofield and Mishra (2003) | Self-report | Elder abuse screen | 12 items/5 min |
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF) | Bernstein et al. (2003) | Self-report | Childhood trauma screen | 28 items/15 min |
Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACES) | Felitti et al. (1998) | Self-report | Childhood trauma screen | 10 items/5 min |
Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) | Straus et al. (1996) | Self-report | Intimate partner violence screen | 78 items/22 items |
Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) | Straus et al. (1998) | Self-report | Childhood trauma screen | 27 items/15 min |
The Family Socialization Interview – Revised | O’Dor et al. (2017) | Semi-structured interview | Childhood trauma screen | 60 min |
Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) | Weathers et al. (2013b) | Self-report | Trauma exposure | 17 items/10 min |
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) | Weathers et al. (2013a) | Semi-structured interview | PTSD symptoms | 45–60 min |
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Liebman, R.E., Van Buren, B., Grasso, D. (2020). Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making with Adult Survivors of Interpersonal Violence. In: Geffner, R., White, J.W., Hamberger, L.K., Rosenbaum, A., Vaughan-Eden, V., Vieth, V.I. (eds) Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_175-1
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