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Antiviral Mechanism of Serine Protease in Various Insects

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Trends in Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

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Abstract

During the last two decades, insects have had the self-ability to develop a vigorous and potent immune system that contests a huge diversity of pathogens and lead them to grow into the most distinct and efficient organisms in the world. Immune reactions against pathogens are basically characterized by invasion of their cellular and humoral response. In the present era of challenging environmental conditions, there is an urgent need for the prevention and control of viral diseases. Serine proteases (SPs) are a vast group of proteolytic enzymes that play an enormous role in anatomical systems (cell signaling, defenses, and movement, etc.); thus, they are crucial to the antiviral mechanism (hemolymph coagulation, activation of antimicrobial peptide, and melanin synthesis). They participate in various biochemical and physiochemical pathways and act as catalysts that break down the peptide bond in the protein. SPs are vital to numerous microorganisms and contribute to several structural and biochemical concerns, including a conserved catalytic triad (Ser, Asp, and His) that enacts the fundamental principle for the classification of a protein. SPs have diverse functions and play a vital role in cellular differentiation, digestion, complement activation, the immune response, and hemostasis. Recently, immunological responses in many insects such as Bombyx mori, Drosophila, Anopheles, etc., are maintained by circulatory hemocytes and performed a significant role in innate immune system, namely, the synthesis of antimicrobial proteins, encapsulation, and phenoloxidase. Most of the antimicrobial proteins such as cecropins, attacins, lebocin, moricin, gloverins, lysozyme, defensins, hemolin, etc., are effectively engaged in defense reactions against invading pathogens. For antiviral mechanisms, molecular and cell target-based analysis are valuable studies for identifying the genome and expression analysis of SPs, and their homologs in the silkworm, Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera, and Anopheles gambiae, are generally considered to be model organisms for providing the relevant information regarding such biological functions. In this chapter, we devote our endeavors to the antiviral mechanism of SPs in various insects and critique the recent data on visualizing the role of antiviral pathways. Furthermore, the antiviral pathways may encounter the infectious virus towards the systemic and specific level.

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedker University, Lucknow, UP, India

    Jyoti Verma

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  1. School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China

    Dhiraj Kumar

  2. School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China

    Chengliang Gong

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Verma, J. (2018). Antiviral Mechanism of Serine Protease in Various Insects. In: Kumar, D., Gong, C. (eds) Trends in Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61343-7_8

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