Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Curing Reaction and Kinetics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dental Composite Materials for Direct Restorations

  • 3127 Accesses

Abstract

The study of polymerization kinetics is of great interest in dentistry, particularly for restorative composites. Most commonly, those materials are composed of multimethacrylate monomers, photopolymerized to give a cross-linked polymer network. The rate at which that reaction takes place influences not only the final degree of conversion (extent of polymerization) but also some of the important physical and mechanical properties of the final material. Understanding how the polymerization progresses is important for researchers developing new materials and for clinicians to obtain the best performance out of the final restoration. In this chapter, the different types of polymerization will be discussed, so to contextualized the mechanisms involved in the polymerization of methacrylates and chain-transfer reactions induced by the presence of thiols. Emphasis will also be given to particular aspects of the photoinitiation reaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hoyle CE, Bowman CN. Thiol-ene click chemistry. Angewandte Chemie – International Edition. 2010;49(9):1540–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Li Q, Zhou H, Wicks DA, Hoyle CE. Thiourethane-based thiol-ene high T g networks: preparation, thermal, mechanical, and physical properties. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2007;45(22):5103–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Senyurt AF, Hoyle CE, Wei H, Piland SG, Gould TE. Thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked photopolymers based on multifunctional thiol-urethane ene monomers. Macromolecules. 2007;40(9):3174–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bacchi A, Dobson A, Ferracane JL, Consani R, Pfeifer CS. Thio-urethanes improve properties of dual-cured composite cements. J Dent Res. 2014;93(12):1320–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Bacchi A, Nelson M, Pfeifer CS. Characterization of methacrylate-based composites containing thio-urethane oligomers. Dent Mater. 2016;32(2):233–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Bacchi A, Pfeifer CS. Rheological and mechanical properties and interfacial stress development of composite cements modified with thio-urethane oligomers. Dent Mater. 2016;32(8):978–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Voit BI, Lederer A. Hyperbranched and highly branched polymer architectures--synthetic strategies and major characterization aspects. Chem Rev. 2009;109(11):5924–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pfeifer CS, Shelton ZR, Braga RR, Windmoller D, Machado JC, Stansbury JW. Characterization of dimethacrylate polymeric networks: a study of the crosslinked structure formed by monomers used in dental composites. Eur Polym J. 2011;47(2):162–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Odian G. Principles of polymerization. Staten Island, NY: Wiley-Interscience; 2004. p. 198–349.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Lecamp L, Houllier F, Youssef B, Bunel C. Photoinitiated cross-linking of a thiol-methacrylate system. Polymer. 2001;42(7):2727–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Pfeifer CS, Wilson ND, Shelton ZR, Stansbury JW. Delayed gelation through chain-transfer reactions: mechanism for stress reduction in methacrylate networks. Polymer (Guildf). 2011;52(15):3295–303.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Berchtold KA, Lovestead TM, Bowman CN. Coupling chain length dependent and reaction diffusion controlled termination in the free radical polymerization of multivinyl (meth)acrylates. Macromolecules. 2002;35(21):7968–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lovell LG, Berchtold KA, Elliott JE, Lu H, Bowman CN. Understanding the kinetics and network formation of dimethacrylate dental resins. Polym Adv Technol. 2001;12(6):335–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lovell LG, Newman SM, Bowman CN. The effects of light intensity, temperature, and comonomer composition on the polymerization behavior of dimethacrylate dental resins. J Dent Res. 1999;78(8):1469–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lovell LG, Stansbury JW, Syrpes DC, Bowman CN. Effects of composition and reactivity on the reaction kinetics of dimethacrylate/dimethacrylate copolymerizations. Macromolecules. 1999;32(12):3913–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Cook WD, Brockhurst P. The oscillating rheometer – what does it measure? J Dent Res. 1980;59(5):795–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dickens SH, Stansbury JW, Choi KM, Floyd CJE. Photopolymerization kinetics of methacrylate dental resins. Macromolecules. 2003;36(16):6043–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hasegawa T, Itoh K, Yukitani W, Wakumoto S, Hisamitsu H. Effects of soft-start irradiation on the depth of cure and marginal adaptation to dentin. Oper Dent. 2001;26(4):389–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yap AU, Ng SC, Siow KS. Soft-start polymerization: influence on effectiveness of cure and post-gel shrinkage. Oper Dent. 2001;26(3):260–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cramer NB, Couch CL, Schreck KM, Carioscia JA, Boulden JE, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Investigation of thiol-ene and thiol-ene-methacrylate based resins as dental restorative materials. Dent Mater. 2010;26(1):21–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Cramer NB, Bowman CN. Kinetics of thiol-ene and thiol-acrylate photopolymerizations with real-time Fourier transform infrared. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2001;39(19):3311–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Reddy SK, Cramer NB, Bowman CN. Thiol-vinyl mechanisms. 2. Kinetic modeling of ternary thiol-vinyl photopolymerizations. Macromolecules. 2006;39(10):3681–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lee TY, Carioscia J, Smith Z, Bowman CN. Thiol-allyl ether-methacrylate ternary systems. Evolution mechanism of polymerization-induced shrinkage stress and mechanical properties. Macromolecules. 2007;40(5):1473–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Musanje L, Ferracane JL, Sakaguchi RL. Determination of the optimal photoinitiator concentration in dental composites based on essential material properties. Dent Mater. 2009;25(8):994–1000.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Vaidyanathan TK, Vaidyanathan J, Lizymol PP, Ariya S, Krishnan KV. Study of visible light activated polymerization in BisGMA-TEGDMA monomers with type 1 and type 2 photoinitiators using Raman spectroscopy. Dent Mater. 2017;33(1):1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cook WD. Thermal aspects of the kinetics of dimethacrylate photopolymerization. Polymer. 1992;33(10):2152–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Stansbury JW, Dickens SH. Determination of double bond conversion in dental resins by near infrared spectroscopy. Dent Mater. 2001;17(1):71–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wisanrakkit G, Gillham JK. The glass transition temperature (Tg) as an index of chemical conversion for a high-Tg amine/epoxy system: chemical and diffusion-controlled reaction kinetics. J Appl Polym Sci. 1990;41(11–12):2885–929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sideridou I, Tserki V, Papanastasiou G. Effect of chemical structure on degree of conversion in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins. Biomaterials. 2002;23(8):1819–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA

    Ana Paula Piovezan Fugolin & Carmem S. Pfeifer

  2. Meridional Faculty—IMED, School of Dentistry, Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, Av. Senador Pinheiro, 304, Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil

    Ataís Bacchi

Authors
  1. Ana Paula Piovezan Fugolin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ataís Bacchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Carmem S. Pfeifer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carmem S. Pfeifer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. DentalNet Research Group, University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia

    Vesna Miletic

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fugolin, A.P.P., Bacchi, A., Pfeifer, C.S. (2018). Curing Reaction and Kinetics. In: Miletic, V. (eds) Dental Composite Materials for Direct Restorations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60961-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60961-4_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60960-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60961-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation