Abstract
Self-forgiveness is thought to play a meaningful role in the relationship between addiction and recovery. Scientific theories have been developed regarding the general nature of the forgiveness–health association and the forgiveness–addiction association and are supported by accumulating empirical evidence. However, scientific modeling regarding the explicit role of self-forgiveness in the process of addiction and recovery is much less developed. Based on the integration of a stress-and-coping model of self-forgiveness and health and a general model of the forgiveness–addiction association, we describe the development of a model addressing the self-condemnation–self-forgiveness–addiction/recovery association, including resentment and psychache as particularly relevant manifestations of self-condemnation. To this end, we provide an overview of the psychology of self-forgiveness as it pertains to addiction and recovery, ending with a discussion of clinical applications. In sum, the power of self-forgiveness to facilitate recovery from addiction may stem from its role as a uniquely effective coping mechanism to address the stressful effects of self-condemnation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Albanese, M. J., & Shaffer, H. J. (2012). Addiction: The genesis and evolution of an idea and its consequences. In H. J. Shaffer, D. A. LaPlante, S. E. Nelson, H. J. Shaffer, D. A. LaPlante, & S. E. Nelson (Eds.), APA addiction syndrome handbook, Vol. 1: Foundations, influences, and expressions of addiction (pp. 3–25). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Alcoholics Anonymous. (1981). Twelve steps and twelve traditions. New York, NY: Author.
Alcoholics Anonymous. (1998). Living sober. New York, NY: Author.
Alcoholics Anonymous. (2001). Alcoholics Anonymous (4th ed.). New York, NY: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Bischof, G., Rumpf, H.-J., & John, U. (2012). Natural recovery from addiction. In H. J. Shaffer, D. A. LaPlante, & S. E. Nelson (Eds.), APA addiction syndrome handbook, Vol. 2: Recovery, prevention, and other issues (pp. 133–155). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Calhoun, F. J. (2007). Developmental research on alcohol and spirituality: What we know and what we don’t know. Southern Medical Journal, 100(4), 427–429 doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3180315de4
Carnes, P. (2001). Out of the shadows: Understanding sexual addiction (3rd ed.). Center City, MN: Hazelden Foundation.
Charzyńska, E. (2015). Sex differences in spiritual coping, forgiveness, and gratitude before and after a basic alcohol addiction treatment program. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(5), 1931–1949. doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0002-0
Cohen, E., Feinn, R., Arias, A., & Kranzler, H. R. (2007). Alcohol treatment utilization: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86(2–3), 214–221. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.008
Dangel, T., Webb, J. R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). Forgiveness and suicidal behavior: Cynicism and psychache as serial mediators. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Davis, D. E., Ho, M. Y., Griffin, B. J., Bell, C., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., … Westbrook, C. J. (2015). Forgiving the self and physical and mental health correlates: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 329–335. doi:10.1037/cou0000063
Deane, F. P., Wootton, D. J., Hsu, C. I., & Kelly, P. J. (2012). Predicting dropout in the first 3 months of 12-step residential drug and alcohol treatment in an Australian sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(2), 216–225.
Fehr, R., Gelfand, M. J., & Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 894–914. doi:10.1037/a0019993
Griffin, B. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Lavelock, C. R., Greer, C. L., Lin, Y., Davis, D. E., & Hook, J. N. (2015). Efficacy of a self-forgiveness workbook: A randomized controlled trial with interpersonal offenders. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 124–136. doi:10.1037/cou0000060
Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621–637. doi:10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621
Hayes, S. C., & Lillis, J. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Holden, R. R., Mehta, K., Cunningham, E. J., & McLeod, L. D. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of a scale of psychache. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 33(4), 224–232. doi: 10.1037/h0087144
Hook, J. N., Farrell, J. E., Davis, D. E., Van Tongeren, D. R., Griffin, B. J., Grubbs, J., … Bedics, J. D. (2015). Self-forgiveness and hypersexual behavior. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 22(1), 59–70. doi:10.1080/10720162.2014.1001542
Hook, J. N., Hook, J. P., & Hines, S. (2008). Reach out or act out: Long-term group therapy for sexual addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 15(3), 217–232. doi:10.1080/10720160802288829
Krentzman, A. R. (2016). Longitudinal differences in spirituality and religiousness between men and women in treatment for alcohol use disorders. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. [online first]. doi:10.1037/rel0000096
Krentzman, A. R., Webb, J. R., Jester, J. M., & Harris, J. I. (in press). Longitudinal relationship between forgiveness of self and forgiveness of others among individuals with alcohol use disorders. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. doi: 10.1037/rel0000152
LaPlante, D. A. (2012). Technology and its relationship to the addiction syndrome. In H. J. Shaffer, D. A. LaPlante, & S. E. Nelson (Eds.), APA addiction syndrome handbook, Vol. 2: Recovery, prevention, and other issues (pp. 273–296). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Lavelock, C. R., Snipes, D. J., Griffin, B. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., … Ritter, J. (2015). A conceptual model of forgiveness and health. In L. L. Toussaint, E. L. Worthington Jr., & D. R. Williams (Eds.), Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health (pp. 29–42). New York, NY: Springer
Lyons, G. C. B., Deane, F. P., Caputi, P., & Kelly, P. J. (2011). Spirituality and the treatment of substance use disorders: An exploration of forgiveness, resentment and purpose in life. Addiction Research & Theory, 19(5), 459–469. doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.555022
Lyons, G. C. B., Deane, F. P., & Kelly, P. J. (2010). Forgiveness and purpose in life as spiritual mechanisms of recovery from substance use disorders. Addiction Research & Theory, 18(5), 528–543. doi:10.3109/16066351003660619
McConnell, J. M. (2015). A Conceptual-theoretical-empirical framework for self-forgiveness: Implications for research and practice. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(3), 143–164. doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1016160
McGaffin, B. J., Lyons, G. C. B., & Deane, F. P. (2013). Self-forgiveness, shame, and guilt in recovery from drug and alcohol problems. Substance Abuse, 34(4), 396–404. doi:10.1080/08897077.2013.781564
Neacsiu, A. D., Ward-Ciesielski, E. F., & Linehan, M. M. (2012). Emerging approaches to counseling intervention: Dialectical behavior therapy. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 1003–1032. doi:10.1177/0011000011421023
Nowinski, J. (2012). Facilitating 12-step recovery from substance abuse. In S. T. Walters & F. Rotgers (Eds.), Treating substance abuse: Theory and technique (3rd ed.pp. 191–223). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Orcutt, H. K. (2006). The prospective relationship of interpersonal forgiveness and psychological distress symptoms among college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 350–361. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.350
Scherer, M., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Hook, J. N., & Campana, K. L. (2011). Forgiveness and the bottle: Promoting self-forgiveness in individuals who abuse alcohol. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 30(4), 382–395. doi:10.1080/10550887.2011.609804
Sesan, R. (2009). Forgiveness: The final frontier in recovery from an eating disorder. In M. Maine, W. N. Davis, & J. Shure (Eds.), Effective clinical practice in the treatment of eating disorders: The heart of the matter (pp. 235–248). New York, NY: Routledge.
Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., & Nelson, S. E. (Eds.). (2012a). APA addiction syndrome handbook, Vol. 1: Foundations, influences, and expressions of addiction. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., & Nelson, S. E. (Eds.). (2012b). APA addiction syndrome handbook, Vol. 2: Recovery, prevention, and other issues. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shneidman, E. (1993). Suicide as psychache: A clinical approach to self-destructive behavior. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Squires, E. C., Sztainert, T., Gillen, N. R., Caouette, J., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2012). The problem with self-forgiveness: Forgiving the self deters readiness to change among gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(3), 337–350. doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9272-y
Tangney, J. P., Boone, A. L., & Dearing, R. (2005). Forgiving the self: Conceptual issues and empirical findings. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 143–158). New York, NY: Routledge.
Toussaint, L. L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Theoretical and empirical connections between forgiveness, mental health, and well-being. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 349–362). New York, NY: Routledge.
Toussaint, L. L., Webb, J. R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). Self-forgiveness and health: A stress-and-coping model. In L. Woodyatt, E. L. Worthington, Jr., M. Wenzel, & B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (pp. #-#). New York, NY: Springer.
Turner, M. (2008). Female sexual compulsivity: A new syndrome. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(4), 713–727. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.06.004
Wade, N. G., Hoyt, W. T., Kidwell, J. E. M., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2014). Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 154–170. doi:10.1037/a0035268
Webb, J. R., Bumgarner, D. J., Conway-Williams, E., Dangel, T., & Hall, B. B. (in press). A consensus definition of self-forgiveness: Implications for assessment and treatment. Spirituality in Clinical Practice.
Webb, J. R., Dula, C. S., & Brewer, K. (2012). Forgiveness and aggression among college students. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 14(1), 38–58. doi:10.1080/19349637.2012.642669
Webb, J. R., Hirsch, J. K., & Toussaint, L. L. (2011). Forgiveness and alcohol problems: A review of the literature and a call for intervention-based research. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 29(3), 245–273. doi:10.1080/07347324.2011.585922
Webb, J. R., Hirsch, J. K., & Toussaint, L. L. (2015). Forgiveness as a positive psychotherapy for addiction and suicide: Theory, research, and practice. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 48–60. doi:10.1037/scp0000054
Webb, J. R., & Jeter, B. R. (2015). Forgiveness and problematic substance use. In L. L. Toussaint, E. L. Worthington Jr., & D. R. Williams (Eds.), Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health (pp. 139–154). New York, NY: Springer.
Webb, J. R., Robinson, E. A. R., Brower, K. J., & Zucker, R. A. (2006). Forgiveness and alcohol problems among people entering substance abuse treatment. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25(3), 55–67. doi:10.1300/J069v25n03_08
Webb, J. R., & Trautman, R. P. (2010). Forgiveness and alcohol use: Applying a specific spiritual principle to substance abuse problems. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 9(1), 8–17. doi:10.1097/ADT.0b013e318195000d
Wohl, M. J. A., & Thompson, A. (2011). A dark side to self-forgiveness: Forgiving the self and its association with chronic unhealthy behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 354–364. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02010.x
Woodyatt, L., Griffin, B. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Wenzel, M. (2017). What is self-forgiveness and when is it needed? In L. Woodyatt, E. L. Worthington, Jr., M. Wenzel, & B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (pp. #-#). New York, NY: Springer.
Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2006). Forgiveness and reconciliation: Theory and application. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
Worthington, E. L., Jr., Berry, J. W., & Parrott, L., III. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. In T. G. Plante & A. C. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives (pp. 107–138). New York, NY: Guilford.
Worthington, E. L., Jr., Witvliet, C. V. O., Pietrini, P., & Miller, A. J. (2007). Forgiveness, health, and well-being: A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 291–302. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9105-8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Webb, J.R., Toussaint, L.L., Hirsch, J.K. (2017). Self-Forgiveness, Addiction, and Recovery. In: Woodyatt, L., Worthington, Jr., E., Wenzel, M., Griffin, B. (eds) Handbook of the Psychology of Self-Forgiveness. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60573-9_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60573-9_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60572-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-60573-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)