The World Health Organization (1999) defines child sexual assault as the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend; is unable to give informed consent for, for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent; or violates the laws or social taboos of society. Specifically, the expression “sexual assault” refers to a series of unwanted sexual behaviors, activities, or contact – including penetration – to which an individual does not or cannot give his or her consent (e.g., the victim is underage or under the influence of drugs). Sexual assault also involves the use or threat of physical strength and can affect individuals of all ages, both male and female. When sexual assault involves a child, we refer to it as child sexual assault, and it is considered a serious form of child maltreatment and abuse. Often, the term sexual assault is used instead as a term that encompasses and describes many situations such as rape, child...
References
Balogh, R., Bretherton, K., Whibley, S., Berney, T., Graham, S., Richold, P., et al. (2001). Sexual abuse in children and adolescents with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45(3), 194–201.
Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 66–77.
Browne, D. H. (1988). High risk infants and child maltreatment: Conceptual and research model for determining factors predictive of child maltreatment. Early Child Development and Care, 31(1–4), 43–53.
Butler, A. C. (2013). Child sexual assault: Risk factors for girls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(9), 643–652.
D’Urso, G., Petruccelli, I., Costantino, V., Zappulla, C., & Pace, U. (2018). The role of moral disengagement and cognitive distortions toward children among sex offenders. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2018.1506718
D’Urso, G., Petruccelli, I., Grilli, S., & Pace, U. (2019). Risk factors related to cognitive distortions toward women and moral disengagement: A study on sex offenders. Sexuality and Culture, 23(2), 544–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9572-9
Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T., & Horwood, L. J. (1996). Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: I. Prevalence of sexual abuse and factors associated with sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(10), 1355–1364.
Finkelhor, D. (1993). Epidemiological factors in the clinical identification of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(1), 67–70.
Finkelhor, D. (1997). Child sexual abuse. In E. Ullmann & W. Hilweg (Eds.), Childhood and trauma – Separation, abuse, war (pp. 101–115). Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
Finkelhor, D., Hammer, H., & Sedlack, A. J. (2008). Sexually assaulted children: National estimates and characteristics. In Juvenile Justice Bulletin – NCJ214383 (pp. 1–12). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I. A., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14(1), 19–28.
Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. L. (2014). The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(3), 329–333.
Fleming, J., Mullen, P. E., Sibthorpe, B., & Bammer, G. (1999). The long-term impact of childhood sexual abuse in Australian women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(2), 145–159.
Holmes, S. T., & Holmes, R. M. (2009). Sex crimes: Patterns and behavior. Los Angeles: Sage.
Main, M., & Goldwyn, R. (1984). Predicting rejection of her infant from mother’s representation of her own experience: Implications for the abused-abusing intergenerational cycle. Child Abuse & Neglect, 8(2), 203–217.
Marshall, W. L., Champagne, F., Brown, C., & Miller, S. (1998). Empathy, intimacy, loneliness, and self-esteem in nonfamilial child molesters: A brief report. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 6(3), 87–98.
Milowe, I. D., Lourie, R. S., & Parrott, R. H. (1964). The child’s role in the battered child syndrome. The Journal of Pediatrics, 65(6), 1079–1081.
Montecchi, F. (1998). Gli abusi all’infanzia: dalla ricerca all’intervento clinico. Roma: Carocci.
Morgan, L., Khadr, S., & Bewley, S. (2017). Child sexual assault reported to an acute sexual assault referral centre in London. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102(2), 165–169.
Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, G. P. (1993). Childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 163(6), 721–732.
Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, G. P. (1996). The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study. Child abuse & neglect, 20(1), 7–21.
Mustaine, E. E., Tewksbury, R., Huff-Corzine, L., Corzine, J., & Marshall, H. (2014). Community characteristics and child sexual assault: Social disorganization and age. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42, 173–183.
National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1992). Child abuse and neglect: A shared concern. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
Petruccelli, I., Barbaranelli, C., Costantino, V., Gherardini, A., Grilli, S., et al. (2017b). Moral disengagement and psychopathy: A study on offenders in Italian jails. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(5), 670–681.
Petruccelli, I., Simonelli, C., Barbaranelli, C., Grilli, S., Tripodi, M. F., & D’Urso, G. (2017a). Moral disengagement strategies in sex offenders. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 470–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1252291
Putnam, F. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 269–278.
Radford, L., Corral, S., Bradley, C., Fisher, H., Bassett, C., Howat, N., et al. (2011). Child abuse and neglect in the UK today. London, England: NSPCC.
Sedlak, A. J., Mettenburg, J., Basena, M., Petta, I., Mcpherson, K., Greene, A., et al. (2010). Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS–4): Report to Congress, executive summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.
Snyder, H. N. (2000). Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sobsey, D. (1994). Sexual abuse of individuals with intellectual disability. In A. Craft (Ed.), Practice issues in sexuality and learning disabilities (pp. 93–115). London: Routledge.
Sullivan, J., & Sheehan, V. (2016). What motivates sexual abusers of children? A qualitative examination of the spiral of sexual abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 30, 76–87.
van Gerko, K., Hughes, M. L., Hamill, M., & Waller, G. (2005). Reported childhood sexual abuse and eating-disordered cognitions and behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(4), 375–382.
Ward, T., & Keenan, T. (1999). Child molesters’ implicit theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(8), 821–838.
World Health Organization (WHO). (1999). Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, Geneva, 29–31 March 1999. Geneva, Switzerland: Violence and Injury Prevention Team Disability/Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Cluster on Social Change and Mental Health World Health Organization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
D’Urso, G., Petruccelli, I., Pace, U. (2019). Child Sexual Assault. In: Lykins, A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sexuality and Gender. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59531-3_28-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59531-3_28-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-59531-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-59531-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences