A Short History of Islam: From Muhammad to the War on Terror

Moniz Bandeira, Luiz Alberto

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54888-3_27

Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira²

1205 Accesses

Abstract

Max Weber defined Islam as a “Kampfreligion,” a warrior religion, born in a charismatic community of warriors under the command of a “warrior prophet”, Muhammad, and his companions. Max Weber was not wrong in this assessment, despite of a certain simplification that was criticized by some academics, including Ira M. Lapidus and Bryan S. Turner. “A seventh-century prophet could not become the true spiritual leader of a tribal community without exercising political leadership and, in the Peninsula, mastering the basics of horsemanship, sword-play and military strategy,” reasoned the Pakistani writer Tariq Ali.

The Believers movement (ummat al-mu’minun), those who believed in the oneness of God from which Islam dawned, didn’t emerge in the Semitic desert of Arabia. This region was sparsely populated by shepherds and farmers. […] Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim (570–632 A.D.), the Prophet, was born in Mecca. And it was in Mecca that he started the Believers movement by preaching the Qur’an as divine revelation. Like other inhabitants of Mecca, he was a merchant and caravanner and, as such, also a warrior, since he had to deal with eventual Bedouin attacks while crossing the desert.

Around 1299, Osman I/Othman I (1258–1326), leading Turkish tribes settled in Anatolia, separated from the Rûm Sultanate (Saljūqiyān-e Rūm), which fell apart into small emirates (beyliks). From the outset, his efforts were aimed at subjugating the nomadic warriors, the Bedouins, submitting them to organized settlements and a sedentary lifestyle. So began the rise of the Ottoman Empire, a patrimonial sultanate with a bureaucratic apparatus inherited from the Byzantine Empire. It was consolidated when Sultan Mehmed II (1431–1481) finally took Constantinople (Byzantium) after several sieges, where he celebrated his triumph in the cathedral Hagia Sophia by proclaiming the shahada with an imman: “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is His prophet.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 84.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 109.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 159.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Weber (1964, p. 899, 901).
2.
Lapidus (1999, p. 139–151). Turner (1974, p. 14, 39–55, 172–173).
3.
Ali (2002, p. 42).
4.
Kaldûn (2005, p. 269).
5.
Weber (1964, p. 939).
6.
Crone (2011, p. 447–448).
7.
Kaldûn (2005, p. 94–95).
8.
Gibbon (1995, vol. III, p. 160).
9.
Ibid., p. 162.
10.
Al-Barghouti (2008, p. 180).
11.
Küng (2010, p. 64–66).
12.
Donner (2010, p. 30–31).
13.
Ibid., p. 30–31.
14.
Johnson (1988, p. 166).
15.
Lapidus (1988, p. 19–20).
16.
Ibid. p. 20.
17.
Kaldûn (2005, p. 120–122).
18.
Lapidus (1988, p. 20).
19.
Donner (2010, p. xii).
20.
Hurgronje (1916, p. 22).
21.
Lapidus (1988, p. 20).
22.
Weber (1967, p. 70).
23.
Emperor Flavius Valerius Claudius Constantinus (307–337 A.D.) adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, transferring its capital to Constantinople (Byzantium). In 325, he convened the Council of Nicaea.
24.
Gramsci (2004, p. 128–129).
25.
Weber (1964, p. 361). Gibbon (1995, vol. III, p. 210).
26.
Ibid., p. 428–429.
27.
Ibid., p. 171.
28.
Der Koran (Arabisch-Deutsch), Aus dem Arabisch von Max Henning, Teil 3, Sure 3, Das Haus Ìmráns 45, p. 55. Küng (2010, p. 77).
29.
Ibid., p. 129.
30.
Kaldûn (2005, p. 97).
31.
Sombart (1913, p. 192).
32.
Hobbes (2002, p. 190, 403–405 and 412).
33.
Lapidus (1988, p. 21).
34.
Armstrong (2001, p. 168–169).
35.
Rodinson (1980, p. 180–181).
36.
Bissio (2012, p. 104–105).
37.
Lapidus (1988, p. 30–31).
38.
Weber (1956, p. 159–166).
39.
Islam is based on five pillars (arkān ad-Dīn): 1. The declaration of the faith (shahada) that “there is no God except God and Muhammad is his prophet” (lā ilāha illā l-Lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l-Lāh); 2. Praying five times throughout the day (salah); 3. Paying the religious tribute (zakat), equivalent to 2.5% of the wealth of every Muslim, to the less fortunate; 4. Fulfill the obligations of the Ramadan (siyam); 5. Make the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj). Later, during the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the Jihad was added as the Sixth Pillar of Islam.
40.
Gibbon (1995, vol. III, p. 210).
41.
Armstrong (2001, p. 164).
42.
Duroselle (1982, p. 344–345).
43.
Ishaq, 2003, p. 102 and 129.
44.
Ibid., p. 138–139.
45.
Voltaire (1743), Acte Premier, Scene II, p. 9.
46.
“Mohammed ist Prophet, aber Mensch und über des Menschen Schwächen nicht erhaben.” Hegel (1920), Band 171d, p. 791.
47.
Deuteronômio (13 7–29), in Die Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testament, p. 208–209.
48.
Ibid. (13 1–5 and 13–9), p. 208–209.
49.
Ibid. (20 1–19).
50.
Weber (1996, p. 486).
51.
Dirhm or dirham is the name of a former currency in ancient times used in the Middle East and North Africa. The name comes from the Greek currency drachma.
52.
Lapidus (1988, p. 31–32).
53.
Toynbee (1951, p. 227–228).
54.
Turner (1974, p. 82).
55.
Ishaq (2003).
56.
Weber (1964, p. 843, 856–857).
57.
Ibid., p. 899–890.
58.
The four caliphs the Sunnis consider “rightly guided” were: Abu Bakr (632–634), Umar ibn al-Khattab (634–644), Uthman ibn Affan (644–656) and Ali ibn Abi Talib (656–661).
59.
Pirenne (1992, p. 149).
60.
Khuri (2008, p. 19–21).
61.
Abu Bakr appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor and obtained the consensus of the Islamic community. Umar, the second caliph, won the battle of Nihawand, in which he captured many Persian slaves, women and children, but he was murdered by a Persian named Firoz. His successor, Uthman ibn Affan, was elected by the Majlis (council) of voters, and went on to rule the caliphate as a king. He was also murdered. Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of Fatima’h, son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, faced major rebellions, however. These resulted in a great civil war that lasted five years, a period known as al-Fitna al Kubra. The Caliphate of Ali, the last Rashidun, lasted from 656 to 661, when he was killed in the great mosque Masjid al-Kūfa in Iraq, during the sujūd (prostration), praying toward the Ka’aba. His adherents, arguing that the successors should be of the ahl al-Bayt (house/family of the people), and therefore direct descendants of Muhammad, the children of Fatima’h and Ali, formed the Shia (Shī’atul ‘Alī) faction, the supporters of Ali.
62.
Crone (1980, p. 39).
63.
Gibbon (1995, vol. III, p. 336–339).
64.
Lapidus (1988, p. 60).
65.
Crone (1980, p. 39).
66.
Roman numerals didn’t include the zero.
67.
Islam invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 710–711 with forces composed of Arabs, Berbers and Moors, led by Tariq Ibn Ziyad, of Berber origin and linked to the Umayyad dynasty.
68.
Ferrín (2006, p. 243–244).
69.
Ibid., p. 416. Manchado, Quesada and Lasala (2009, p. 148–153).
70.
Ibid., p. 195–196.
71.
On this subject, see Paulo Fernando Moraes Farias, “The Almoravids: Some Questions Concerning the Character of the Movement during its Periods of Closest Contact with the Western”, Bulletin de l’I.F.A.N (Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire), t. XXIX, sér. B, n° 3–4, 1967.
72.
Manchado, Quesada and Lasala (2009, p. 275–276). Ferrín (2006, p. 244).
73.
Lapidus (1988, p. 384–389).
74.
Finkel (2005, p. 3–4).
75.
Hourani (1991, p. 214–215).
76.
Byron (2003, p. 50).
77.
Finkel (2005, p. 10–11).
78.
Lawrence (1962, p. 34).
79.
Tuchman (1979, p. 182–183).
80.
Weber (1967, p. 102).
81.
Hobson (1930, p. 11).
82.
Doughty (1983, p. 30).
83.
James (1995, p. 391).
84.
Fromkin (1989, p. 410–411).
85.
Doughty (1983, p. 20).
86.
House (2012, p. 240–243).
87.
Ibid., p. 5–35.
88.
Ibid., p. 49.
89.
Baar (2011, p. 1–19).
90.
Amin (2012, p. 36–37, 54–55).
91.
Lawrence (1962, p. 34–35).
92.
Ibid., p. 344–345.
93.
Fromkin (1989, p. 450–451).
94.
Tuchman (1979, p. 182).
95.
Province of the Byzantine Empire. Rumeli-Land of the Romans.
96.
In 1919, there were around 65,000 Jews in Palestine in a population estimated at 700,000 inhabitants. Renouvin and Duroselle (1967, p. 323).
97.
The acquisition of land in Palestine by Jewish immigrants from Europe began in the 19th century and after the First World War it continued with funds from the Jewish National Fund, under the condition that these lands could never be sold or leased back to the Arabs.
98.
James (1995, p. 275–391).
99.
Pappe (2012, p. 147–148).
100.
Gordon (2008, p. 5–6).
101.
Milnes (2012, p. 141).
102.
Pappe (2012, p. 214 and 250).
103.
Ibid., p. 117.
104.
Mannheim (1952, p. 181–184).
105.
Khalid (2013, p. xx).
106.
Joxe (2012, p. 35).
107.
For more details, see Moniz Bandeira (2006, p. 178–182).
108.
The Ottoman-British Agreement of 1913 recognized Kuwait as a district of Basra province, whose sovereignty was transferred to Iraq. In 1939, there was a popular uprising in Kuwait for its unification with Iraq, but it was crushed by Sheik Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah with the support of British officers. David Klein, “Mechanisms of Western Domination: A Short History of Iraq and Kuwait”, California State University, Northridge, January 2003.
109.
Ali (2002, p. 155).
110.
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (November 20, 1975), “C. Institutionalizing Assassination: the ‘Executive Action’ capability”, Alleged Assassination Plots involving Foreign Leaders—Additional, Supplemental and Separate Viwes, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 181, n. 1. JFK Library, Memorandum for The President from Robert W. Komer, February 8, 1963 (JFK, NSF, Countries, Iraq, Box 117, “Iraq 1/63–2/63”, document 18), p. 1. Powers (1979, p. 161–162). Hersh (1997, p. 194–195).
111.
Saddam Hussein took part in the assassination attempt of colonel Qassim in 1959.
112.
Rositzke (1977, p. 108–109).
113.
Aburish (2001, p. 58–59).
114.
Cockburn and Cockburn (1999, p. 71–78). Darwish and Alexander (1991, p. 22–26).
115.
Aburish (2001, p. 58–59).
116.
Al-Fatah was one of the factions of the PLO.
117.
Green (1984, p. 204–206, 210–211).
118.
On that occasion, an Israeli plane attacked the USS Liberty and killed 34 American soldiers. The investigation, ordered by then President Lyndon Johnson and the Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, concluded that the incident had been a mere “accident”. After investigating the attack with other officers, however, Admiral Thomas Moorer, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, declared that attributing the attack to an “accident” was “one of the classic all-American cover-ups.” The strike was carried out with an “unmarked aircraft” from Israel, probably with the intent of implicating Egypt. Dead in the Water—Cover-Up Alleged in Probe of USS Liberty, BBC Documentary on the USS Liberty.
119.
Green (1984, p. 212–215).
120.
Ibid., p. 206–211.
121.
Ibid., p. 244.
122.
Ali (2002, p. 165).
123.
“Nasser did not die of poisoned coffee: doctor”, Al Arabiya, September 26, 2010.
124.
Andrew and Gordievsky (1990, p. 501).
125.
Kissinger (1994, p. 739–740).
126.
Andrew and Gordievsky (1990, p. 501).
127.
Appendix: “Sobre a guerra árabe-israelense”, interview with Isaac Deutscher, in Ali (2002, p. 452).
128.
Ulam (1984, p. 85–86).
129.
Solomon (1977, p. 102–103).
130.
Bundy (1998, p. 428–429).
131.
Thomas (1999, p. 152–154).
132.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), an intergovernmental cartel formed at the Bagdad Conference (1960) by the oil producing countries: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran and Venezuela, joined by Libya, The United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Indonesia, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola and Gabon.
133.
U.N. Resolution 338, 1973, Appendix 2, in Carter, 2006, p. 219.
134.
House (2012, p. 242–244).
135.
Kissinger (1994, p. 739–740). Dallek (2007, p. 520–533).
136.
Andrew and Gordievsky (1990, p. 543).
137.
Kepel (2004, p. 44–45).
138.
Hobsbawm (1994, p. 359).
139.
Camp David Accords, Appendix 3, in Carter, 2006, p. 221–230.
140.
Framework for Egypt Peace Treaty, 1978, in Carter, 2006, p. 231–234.
141.
Gramsci (2004, p. 129).
142.
The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, who wanted to purge Islam of foreign influences. Al-Banna was killed in 1949. Many of its militants were persecuted in Egypt and fled to West Germany, where they established the cells that later planned the attacks of September 11, 2001.
143.
Baer (2003, p. 94–97).
144.
Soufan (2011, p. 52).
145.
Ibid., p. 103–104. “Syria’s Hama: An uprising crushed 30 years ago”, Al Arabiya, February 3, 2012.
146.
Neil MacFarquhar, “Hafez al-Assad, Who Turned Syria Into a Power in the Middle East, Dies at 69”, The New York Times, June 10, 2000.
147.
Colonel Hafez al-Assad, born in the village of Qurdaha, belonged to the Alawite minority, an ethnic group that lived in the an-Nusayriyah or Jabal al-‘Alawīyin mountains next to the Mediterranean.
148.
Eyal Zisser, “Where Is Bashar al-Assad Heading?”, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2008, p. 35–40.
149.
Baer (2003, p. 207–208).
150.
Ibid., p. 104.
151.
Gates (1997, p. 146).
152.
Around 1980, half of the students in Afghanistan were women, and women also made up 40% of physicians, 70% of school teachers and 30% of civil servants.
153.
Moniz Bandeira (2006, p. 180–182 and 383–391).
154.
Baer (2003, p. 146–147). Hunter (2004, p. 383–386).
155.
Molière (1862).

Bibliography

Aburish, Saϊd K. Saddam Hussein — The Politics of Revenge. London: Bloomsbury, 2001.
Google Scholar
Al-Barghouti, Tamim. The Umma and the Dawla. Nation State and the Arab Middle East. London: Pluto Press, 2008.
Google Scholar
ALI, Tariq.Confronto de Fundamentalismos — Cruzadas, Jihads e Modernidade. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2002.
Google Scholar
Amin, Samir. The People’s Spring — The Future of the Arab Revolution. Cape Town/Dakar: Pambazuka Press, 2012.
Google Scholar
Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg. KGB. The Inside Story. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.
Google Scholar
Armstrong, Karen. Muhammad. A Biography of the Prophet. London: Phoenix, 2001.
Google Scholar
BAER, Robert.Sleeping with the Devil. How Washington Sold Our Soul for Saudi Crude. New York: Crown Publishers, 2003.
Google Scholar
Barr, James. A Line in the Sand. Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East. London/New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.
Google Scholar
Bissio, Beatriz. O mundo falava árabe. A civilização árabe-islâmica clássica através da obra de Ibn Khaldun e Ibn Battuta. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2012.
Google Scholar
Bundy, William. A Tangled Web. The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency. New York: Hill & Wang, 1998.
Google Scholar
Byron, Lord. “Leake’s Researches in Greece (1815)”. In Complete Miscellaneous Prose. Edited by Andrew Nicholson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003.
Google Scholar
Cockburn, Andrew and Cockburn, Patrick. Out of the Ashes. The Ressurrection of Saddam Hussein. New York: Harper Perennial, 1999.
Google Scholar
Crone, Patricia. From Arabian Tribes to Islamic Empire — Army, State and Society in the Near East c. 600-850. Farnham-Surrey (GB)/Burlington (USA): Ashgate, 2011.
Google Scholar
______. Slaves on Horses. The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Google Scholar
Dallek, Robert. Nixon and Kissinger. Partners in Power. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007.
Google Scholar
Darwish, Adel and Alexander, Gregory. Unholy Babylon — The Secret History of Saddam’s War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
Google Scholar
Donner, Fred M. Muhammad and the Believers — At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.
Google Scholar
Doughty, Charles Montagu. Passages from Arabia Deserta. London: Penguin Books, 1983.
Google Scholar
Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste. Tout empire périra. Une vision théorique de relations internationales. 2 édition. Paris: Université de Paris/Publications de la Sorbonne, 1982.
Google Scholar
Ferrín, Emilio González. Historia General de Al Andalus. Europa entre Oriente y Occidente. 3rd ed. Córdoba: Editorial Almuzara, 2006.
Google Scholar
Finkel, Caroline. Osman’s Dream — The Story of Ottoman Empire — 1300-1923. London: John Murray, 2005.
Google Scholar
Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace. The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: An Owl Book/Henry Holt & Co., 1989.
Google Scholar
Gates, Robert M. From the Shadows — The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. New York: Touchstone, 1997.
Google Scholar
Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. London: Penguin Books, 1995.
Google Scholar
Gordon, Neve. Israel Occupation. Berkeley: University California Press, 2008.
Book Google Scholar
GRAMSCI, Antonio.Cadernos do Cárcere. Os intelectuais. O princípio educativo. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2004, vol. 2.
Google Scholar
Green, Stephen. Taking Sides. America’s Secret Relations with a Militant Israel. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1984.
Google Scholar
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Die Germanische Welt, in Hegels Sämtliche Werke. Leipzig: Verlag von Felix Meiner, Der Philosophischen Bibliothek, Band 171d, 1920.
Google Scholar
______. HERSH, Seymour M. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1997.
Google Scholar
Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. Age of Extremes. The Short Twentieth Century — 1914-1991. London: Abacus Books/Little. Brown & Company, 1994.
Google Scholar
HOBSON, John A. The Evolution of Modern Capitalism. A Study of Machine Production. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. [New York: Charles Scribner Sons: Reprinted], 1930.
Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. New York: Warner Books, 1991.
Google Scholar
House, Karen Elliot. On Saudi Arabia. Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines — and Future. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012.
Google Scholar
Hunter, Shireen T. Islam in Russia. The Politics of Identity and Security. New York/London: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.
Google Scholar
Hurgronje, C. Snouck. Mohammedanism. Lectures on Its Origin, Its Religious and Political Growth, and Its Present State. University of Leiden (Holland), s/e, 1916.
Google Scholar
Ishaq, Ibn. The Life of Muhammad. Apostle of Allah. Edited by Michael Edwards. London: The Folio Society, 2003.
Google Scholar
James, Lawrence. The golden warrior: the life and legend of Lawrence of Arabia. London: Little, Brown, 1995.
Google Scholar
Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews. New York: Harper Perennial, 1988.
Google Scholar
Joxe, Alain. Les Guerres de l’Empire Global. Spéculations Financières — Guerre Robotiques — Résistance Démocratique. Paris: La Découverte, 2012.
Google Scholar
Kaldûn, Ibn. The Muqadaddamah. An Introduction to History. (Abridged and Edited by N. J. Dawwood). Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. Fitna — Guerre au cœur de l’Islam. Paris: Gallimard, 2004.
Google Scholar
Khalid, Rashid. Brokers of Deceit. How the U.S. Undermined Peace in the Middle East. Boston: Beacon Press, 2013.
Google Scholar
Khuri, Fuad I. Imans and Emirs. State, Religion and Sects in Islam. London: Saqui Essentials, 2008.
Google Scholar
KISSINGER, Henry A.Diplomacy. New York: Touchstone Books/Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Google Scholar
Küng, Hans. Der Islam. Geschichte, Gegenwart, Zukunft. Munich: Piper Verlag, 2010.
Google Scholar
Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Google Scholar
______. “The Institutionalization of Early Islamic Societies”. In Huff, Toby E. e Schluchter, Wolfgang (eds.). Max Weber & Islam. New Brunswick (USA)/London (UK): Transaction Publishers, 1999.
Google Scholar
Lawrence, T. E. Seven Pillars of Wisdom. A Triumph. London: Penguin Books, 1962.
Google Scholar
Macfarquhar, Neil. “Hafez al-Assad, Who Turned Syria Into a Power in the Middle East, Dies at 69”. The New York Times, June 10, 2000.
Google Scholar
Manchado, Ana I. Carrasco; Quesada, Juan Martins e Lasala, Juan A. Souto. Al-Andalus. Madrid: Ediciones Istmo, 2009.
Google Scholar
Mannheim, Karl. Ideologia e utopia. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro/Porto Alegre: Globo, 1952.
Google Scholar
Milnes, Seumas. The Revenge of History. The Battle for the 21st Century. London/New York: Verso, 2012.
Google Scholar
Moniz Bandeira, Luiz Alberto. Formação do Império Americano (Da guerra contra a Espanha à guerra no Iraque). 2nd edition. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2006.
Google Scholar
Pappe, Ilan. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. London: Oneworld, 2012.
Google Scholar
Pirenne, Henri. Mohammed and Charlemagne. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1992.
Google Scholar
Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept The Secrets — Richar Helms and the CIA. New York: Pocket Books/Simon & Schuster division, 1979.
Google Scholar
Renouvin, Pierre and Durosell, Jean-Baptiste. Introduction to the History of International Relations. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, 1967.
Google Scholar
Rodinson, Maxime. Islam and Capitalism. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1980.
Google Scholar
Rositzke, Harry. CIA’s Secret Operations. Espionage, counterspionage and covert action. New York: Thomas Y Crowell Company, 1977.
Google Scholar
Solomon, Robert. The International Monetary System, 1945-1976: An Insider’s View. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.
Google Scholar
Sombart, Werner. The Jews and Modern Capitalism. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1913.
Google Scholar
Soufan, Ali H. The Black Banners — Inside the Hunt for al-Qaeda. London: Penguin Books, 2011.
Google Scholar
Thomas, Gordon. Gideon’s Spies. The Secret History of Mossad. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St Martin’s Griffin, 1999.
Google Scholar
Toynbee, Arnold. A Study of History (Abridgement of the volumes I-VI). London/New York: Geoffrey Cumberlege/Oxford University Press, 1951.
Google Scholar
Tuchman, Barbara. The Guns of August. New York: Bantam Books, 1979.
Google Scholar
Turner, Bryan S. Weber and Islam. London/Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974.
Google Scholar
Weber, Max. Ancient Judaism. London/New York: The Free Press/Collier Macmillan, 1967.
Google Scholar
______. Sociologie des religions. Paris: Gallimard, 1996.
Google Scholar
______. Soziologie — Weltgeschichtliche Analysen — Politik. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, 1956.
Google Scholar
______. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriß der Verstehenden Soziologie. Zweiter Halbband. Köln/Berlin: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1964.
Google Scholar
2 March 2015, Eyal. “Where Is Bashar al-Assad Heading?”. Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2008, p. 35-40. http://www.meforum.org/1819/where-is-bashar-al-assad-heading. Accessed

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Emeritus professor for History, University of Brasília, St. Leon-Rot, Germany
Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira

Authors

Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moniz Bandeira, L.A. (2017). A Short History of Islam: From Muhammad to the War on Terror. In: The Second Cold War. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54888-3_27

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54888-3_27
Published: 31 May 2017
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54887-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54888-3
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics