Skip to main content

The Measurement of Proximity Bias

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Proximity Bias in Investors’ Portfolio Choice

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the development of appropriate proximity bias measures. In international studies, country borders are more or less natural dividing lines when determining the extent to which investors are home biased or foreign biased. It is less evident how to determine to what extent investors are locally biased within a country. Domestic studies use either a distance-based or a non-distance-based, community-oriented definition of geographical-proximity bias. In this chapter, we review the commonly adopted proximity bias measures in the literature and propose ways to further develop these measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahearne, A.G., W.L. Griever, and F.E. Warnock. 2004. Information Costs and Home Bias: An Analysis of US Holdings of Foreign Equities. Journal of International Economics 62: 313–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ait-Sahalia, Y., J.A. Parker, and M. Yogo. 2004. Luxury Goods and the Equity Premium. Journal of Finance 59: 2959–3004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baele, L., C. Pungulescu, and J.T. Horst. 2007. Model Uncertainty, Financial Market Integration and the Home Bias Puzzle. Journal of International Money and Finance 26: 606–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltzer, M., O.A. Stolper, and A. Walter. 2013. Is Local Bias a Cross-Border Phenomenon? Evidence from Individual Investors’ International Asset Allocation. Journal of Banking and Finance 37: 2823–2835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekaert, G., and X. Wang. 2009. Home bias revisited. Working paper, Columbia Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodnaruk, A. 2009. Proximity Always Matters: Local Bias When the Set of Local Companies Changes. Review of Finance 13: 629–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K., V. Covrig, and L. Ng. 2005. What Determines the Domestic Bias and Foreign Bias? Evidence from Mutual Fund Equity Allocations Worldwide. Journal of Finance 60: 1495–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, I., and E. Kaplanis. 1994. Home Bias in Equity Portfolios, Inflation, Hedging, and International Capital Market Equilibrium. Review of Financial Studies 7: 45–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, I., P. Sercu, and R. Vanpée. 2013. The Equity Home Bias: Survey and Synthesis. Foundations and Trends in Finance 7: 289–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coval, J.D., and T.J. Moskowitz. 1999. Home Bias at Home: Local Equity Preference in Domestic Portfolios. Journal of Finance 54: 2045–2073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coval, J.D., and T.J. Moskowitz. 2001. The Geography of Investment: Informed Trading and Asset Prices. Journal of Political Economy 109: 811–841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, L., and M. Seasholes. 2005. Do Investor Sophistication and Trading Experience Eliminate Behavioral Biases in Financial Markets? Review of Finance 9: 305–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, K.R., and J.M. Poterba. 1991. Investor Diversification and International Equity Markets. American Economic Review 81: 222–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, D., and Ø. Norli. 2012. Geographic Dispersion and Stock Returns. Journal of Financial Economics 106: 547–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garlappi, L., R. Uppal, and T. Wang. 2007. Portfolio Selection with Parameter and Model Uncertainty: A Multi-prior Approach. Review of Financial Studies 20: 41–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinblatt, M., and M. Keloharju. 2001. How Distance, Language, and Culture Influence Stockholdings and Trades. Journal of Finance 56: 1053–1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivković, Z., C. Sialm, and S. Weisbenner. 2008. Portfolio Concentration and the Performance of Individual Investors. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 43: 613–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivkovic, Z., and S. Weisbenner. 2005. Local Does as Local is: Information Content of the Geography of Individual Investors Common Stock Investments. Journal of Finance 60: 267–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeske, K. 2001. Equity Home Bias—Can Information Cost Explain the Puzzle? Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Economic Review 3: 31–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom, T., T. Mavruk, and S. Sjögren. 2016. East or West, Home is Best: The Birthplace Bias of Individual Investors. Journal of Banking and Finance Forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massa, M., and A. Simonov. 2006. Hedging, Familiarity, and Portfolio Choice. Review of Financial Studies 19: 633–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R.C. 1980. On Estimating the Expected Return on the Market: An Exploratory Investigation. Journal of Financial Economics 8: 323–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, A. 2015. Measures of Equity Home Bias Puzzle. Journal of Empirical Finance 34: 293–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nofsinger, J.R., and A. Varma. 2012. Individuals and Their Local Utility Stocks: Preference for the Familiar. Financial Review 47: 423–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pástor, L. 2000. Portfolio Selection and Asset Pricing Models. Journal of Finance 55: 179–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pungulescu, C. 2013. Measuring Financial Market Integration in the European Union: EU15 vs. New Member States. Emerging Markets Review 17: 106–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seasholes, M.S., M. Tai, and Z. Yang. 2011. Individual investors and portfolio choice. Working Paper, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seasholes, M.S., and N. Zhu. 2010. Individual Investors and Local Bias. Journal of Finance 65: 1987–2010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ted Lindblom .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lindblom, T., Mavruk, T., Sjögren, S. (2017). The Measurement of Proximity Bias. In: Proximity Bias in Investors’ Portfolio Choice. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54762-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54762-6_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54761-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54762-6

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics