Abstract
SSVEPs are less vulnerable to noise than other kinds of EEG signals and have, therefore, recently become popular in BCI applications. To our knowledge, this chapter is the first to demonstrate an online asynchronous analogue SSVEP-based BCI for lower limb rehabilitation in which the movement of a robotic exoskeleton is continuously controlled by the user’s intent. Such patient participation has proved to be one of the most important factors for rehabilitating the neural system after injury or stroke. Three new and different training protocols were developed specifically for rehabilitation and tested with the ANBF. Results with six healthy participants were extremely good, with an accuracy to within a knee angle of 1° after simple training. These results are promising for the future development of brain controlled rehabilitation devices.
References
Wolpaw, J.R., Brain–computer interfaces as new brain output pathways. The Journal of Physiology, 2007. 579(3): p. 613–619.
Song, X., M. Ryan, and S. Xie. Reading the mind: The potential of electroencephalography in brain computer interfaces. in 19th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice, 2012. Auckland, New Zealand.
Biao, Z., W. Jianjun, and T. Fuhlbrigge. A review of the commercial brain-computer interface technology from perspective of industrial robotics. in IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, 2010.
Brunner, P., et al., Current trends in hardware and software for brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). Journal of Neural Engineering, 2011. 8(2): p. 025001.
Zhonglin, L., et al., Frequency recognition based on canonical correlation analysis for SSVEP-Based BCIs. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2007. 54(6): p. 1172–1176.
Wang, Y.T., Y.J. Wang, and T.P. Jung, A cell-phone-based brain-computer interface for communication in daily life. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2011. 8(2).
Teng, C., et al. A high rate online SSVEP based brain-computer interface speller. in 5th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 2011.
Wilson, J.J. and R. Palaniappan, Analogue mouse pointer control via an online steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) brain-computer interface. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2011. 8(2).
Ortner, R., et al., An SSVEP BCI to control a hand orthosis for persons with tetraplegia. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2011. 19(1): p. 1–5.
Hinterberger, T., et al., Neuronal mechanisms underlying control of a brain–computer interface. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2005. 21(11): p. 3169–3181.
Doud, A.J., et al., Continuous three-dimensional control of a virtual helicopter using a motor imagery based brain-computer interface. Plos One, 2011. 6(10): p. e26322.
Lehtonen, J., et al., Online classification of single EEG trials during finger movements. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2008. 55(2): p. 713–720.
Yi, L., et al. P300 based BCI messenger. in International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, 2009.
Capilla, A., et al., Steady-state visual evoked potentials can be explained by temporal superposition of transient event-related responses. Plos One, 2011. 6(1): p. e14543.
Guger, C., et al., How many people could use an SSVEP BCI? Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2012. 6: p. 169.
Vialatte, F.-B., et al., Steady-state visually evoked potentials: Focus on essential paradigms and future perspectives. Progress in Neurobiology, 2010. 90(4): p. 418–438.
Xiaorong, G., et al., A BCI-based environmental controller for the motion-disabled. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2003. 11(2): p. 137–140.
Sui, J., R. Yang, and L. Ji. Lower-limb robot-assisted therapy in rehabilitation of acute and subacute stroke patients. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, May 26–31, 2013. Beijing, China. p. 2034–2037.
Tefertiller, C., et al., Efficacy of rehabilitation robotics for walking training in neurological disorders: A review. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 2011. 48(4): p. 387–416.
Daly, J.J., et al., Feasibility of a new application of noninvasive brain computer interface (BCI): A case study of training for recovery of volitional motor control after stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 2009. 33(4): p. 203–211.
Daly, J.J., et al., Prolonged cognitive planning time, elevated cognitive effort, and relationship to coordination and motor control following stroke. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2006. 14(2): p. 168–171.
Kai Keng, A., et al. A clinical study of motor imagery-based brain-computer interface for upper limb robotic rehabilitation. in Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2009.
Prasad, G., et al. Using motor imagery based brain-computer interface for post-stroke rehabilitation. in 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 2009.
Tan, H.G., et al. Post-acute stroke patients use brain-computer interface to activate electrical stimulation. in Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2010.
Belda-Lois, J.-M., et al., Rehabilitation of gait after stroke: A review towards a top-down approach. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 2011. 8(1): p. 66.
Banala, S.K., et al., Robot assisted gait training with active leg exoskeleton (ALEX). IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2009. 17(1): p. 2–8.
Müller-Putz, G.R. and G. Pfurtscheller, Control of an electrical prosthesis with an SSVEP-based BCI. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2008. 55(1): p. 361–364.
Oldfield, R.C., Assessment and analysis of handedness - Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 1971. 9(1): p. 97–113.
Garrett, D., et al., Comparison of linear, nonlinear, and feature selection methods for EEG signal classification. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2003. 11(2): p. 141–144.
Morgan, S.T., J.C. Hansen, and S.A. Hillyard, Selective attention to stimulus location modulates the steady-state visual evoked potential. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996. 10(93): p. 4770–4774.
Allison, B., et al. BCI demographics: how many (and what kinds of) people can use an SSVEP BCI?. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 2010, 18(2): p. 107–116.
Ortner R., et al. An SSVEP BCI to control a hand orthosis for persons with tetraplegia. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 2011, 19(1): p. 1–5.
Levelt, C.N. and M. Hübener, Critical-period plasticity in the visual cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2012. 35(1): p. 309–330.
Wang, Y., et al., Brain-computer Interface based on the high-frequency steady-state visual evoked potential. Proceedings 1st International Conference on Neural Interface and Control Proceedings, 2005. Wuhan, China. p. 26–28.
Manling, H., et al. Application and contrast in brain-computer interface between Hilbert-Huang transform and wavelet transform. in The 9th International Conference for Young Computer Scientists, 2008.
Materka, A., M. Byczuk, and P. Poryzala, A virtual keypad based on alternate half-field stimulated visual evoked potentials. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Technology Convergence, November 23–24, 2007; Jeon Ju, Korea. p. 296–300.
Diez, P., et al., Asynchronous BCI control using high-frequency SSVEP. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 2011. 8(1): p. 39.
Lynch, D.K. and B.H. Soffer, On the solar spectrum and the color sensitivity of the eye. Optics & Photonics News, 1999. 10(3): p. 28–30.
Ikegami, S., et al., Effect of the green/blue flicker matrix for P300-based brain-computer interface: An EEG-fMRI study. Frontiers in Neurology, 2012. 3(113): p. 1–10.
Soffer, B.H. and D.K. Lynch, Some paradoxes, errors, and resolutions concerning the spectral optimization of human vision. American Association of Physics Teachers, 1999. 67(11): p. 946–953.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Song, X., Xie, S., Meng, W. (2017). SSVEP-Based BCI for Lower Limb Rehabilitation. In: Xie, S., Meng, W. (eds) Biomechatronics in Medical Rehabilitation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52884-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52884-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52883-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-52884-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)