Abstract
Contrary to the wide ranging nature of d- and f-block chemistry, that of the s- and p-block elements has classically been accepted as limited to one or two stable oxidation states outside of the elemental species, thus curtailing the broader reactivity of compounds involving these elements. However, the past two decades have seen tremendous growth in the area of low-oxidation state and low-coordinate main-group (MG) chemistry, resulting in an expansion of readily available oxidation states for MG elements. This has led to a range of reactivities of such MG complexes which often see comparison with those of the transition-metals. This chapter aims to give an introduction to a number of concepts which are key to this contemporary MG chemistry.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Power PP (2010) Main-group elements as transition metals. Nature 463:171
Parkin G (2006) Valence, oxidation number, and formal charge: Three related but fundamentally different concepts. J Chem Educ 83:791
Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA, Bochmann M (1933) Advanced inorganic chemistry, 6th ed. Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom
Sidgwick NV (1933) Ann Rep 20:120
Pyykkö P (1988) Relativistic effects in structural chemistry. Chem Rev 88:563
Goubeau J (1957) Mehrfachbindungen in der anorganischen chemie. Angew Chem 69:77
Jutzi P (1975) New element-carbon (p-p)π bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed 14:232
Mulliken RS (1950) Overlap integrals and chemical binding. J Am Chem Soc 72:4493
Goldberg DE, Harris DH, Lappert MF, Thom KM (1976) A new synthesis of divalent group 4B alkyls M[CH(SiMe3)2]2(M = Ge or Sn), and the crystal and molecular strcuture of the tin compound. JCS Chem Comm 120:261
West R, Fink MJ, Michl J (1981) Tetramesityldisilene, a stable compound containing a silicon-silicon double bond. Science 214:1343
Yoshifuji M, Shima I, Inamoto N (1981) Synthesis and structure of bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphene: isolation of a true phosphobenzene. J Am Chem Soc 103:4587
Trinquier G (1990) Double bonds and bridged structures in the heavier analogs of ethylene. J Am Chem Soc 112:2130
Shepherd BD, Powell DR, West R (1989) Synthesis, geometrical isomerism, and crystal structure of a highly hindered disilene. Organometallics 8:2664
Kira M, Maruyama D, Kabuto C, Ebata K, Sakurai H (1994) Stable tetrakis(trialkylsilyl)disilenes; synthesis, X-ray structures, and UV/VIS spectra. Angew Chem Int Ed 33:1489
Kobayashi M, Hayakawa N, Nakabayashi K, Matsuo T, Hashizume D, Fueno H, Tanaka K, Tamao K (2014) Highly coplanar (E)-1,2-Di(1-naphthyl)disilene Involving a distinct CH–π interaction with the perpendicularly oriented protecting eind group. Chem Lett 4:432
Fischer RC, Power PP (2010) π-bonding and the lone pair effect in multiple bonds involving heavier main group elements: Developments in the new millennium. Chem Rev 110:3877
Davidson PJ, Harris DH, Lappert MF (1976) Subvalent Group 4B metal alkyls and amides. Part I. The synthesis and physical properties of kinetically stable bis[bis(trimethysilyl)methyl]-germanium(II), -tin(II), and -lead(II). JCS Dalton 6:2268
Fjeldberg T, Schilling BER, Thorne AJ, Haaland A, Lappert MF (1986) Subvalent Group 4B metal alkyls and amides. Part 8. Germanium and tin carbene analogues MR2[M = Ge or Sn, R = CH(SiMe3)2]: syntheses and structures in the gas phase (electron diffraction); molecular-orbital calculations for MH2 and GeMe2. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 5:1551
Hitchcock PB, Jasim HA, Lappert MF, Leung W, Rai AW, Taylor RE (1991) Subvalent group 14 metal compounds-XIII. Oxidative addition reactions of germanium and tin amides M(NR2)2 (R = SiMe3, M = Ge OR Sn) with sulphur, selenium, tellurium or MeOOCC=CCOOMe; X-ray structures of [Ge(NR2)2(μ-Te)]2 and Polyhedron 10:1203
Cotton JD, Davidson PJ, Lappert MF (1976) Subvalent Group 4B metal alkyls and amides. Part II. The chemistry and properties of bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]tin(II) and its lead analogue. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 6:2275
Nagase S, Kobayashi K, Takagi N (2000) Triple bonds between heavier Group 14 elements. A theoretical approach. J Organometall Chem 611:264
Colegrove BT, Schaefer HF III (1990) Disilyne (Si2H2) revisited. J Phys Chem 94:5593
Höhn MM, Amos RD, Kobayashi R, Handy NC (1993) Structure and properties of disilyne. J Chem Phys 98:7107
Takagi N, Nagase S (2001) Substituent effects on germanium−germanium and tin−tin triple bonds. Organometallics 20:5498
Chen Y, Hartmann M, Diedenhofen M, Frenking G (2001) Turning a transition state into a minimum—the nature of the bonding in diplumbylene compounds RPbPbR (R=H, Ar). Angew Chem Int Ed 40:2052
Huber KP, Herzberg G (1979) Molecular spectra and molecular structure, vol. IV, Van Nostrand–Rheinhold, New York
Pu L, Twamley B, Power PP (2000) Synthesis and characterization of 2,6-Trip2H3C6PbPbC6H3-2,6-Trip2 (Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3): A Stable heavier group 14 element analogue of an alkyne. J Am Chem Soc 122:3524
Jung Y, Brynda M, Power PP, Head-Gordon M (2006) Ab initio quantum chemistry calculations on the electronic structure of heavier alkyne congeners: Diradical character and reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 128:7185
Kipping FS, Sands JE (1921) XCIII.—Organic derivatives of silicon. Part XXV. Saturated and unsaturated silicohydrocarbons, Si4Ph8. J Chem Soc Trans, 830
Erlich P (1907) Lancet 173:351
Kohler H, Michaelis A (1877) Ueber phenylphosphin und phosphobenzol (diphosphenyl). Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 10:807
Cowley AH (1984) Double bonding between the heavier main-group elements: From reactive intermediates to isolable molecules. Polyhedron 3:389
Li J, Stasch A, Schenk C, Jones C (2011) Extremely bulky amido-group 14 elementchloride complexes: Potential synthons for low oxidation state main group chemistry. Dalton Trans 40:10448
Pu L, Olmstead MM, Power PP (1998) Synthesis and characterization of the monomeric terphenyl−metal halides Ge(Cl){C6H3-2,6-Trip2} (Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3) and Sn(I){C6H3-2,6-Trip2} and the terphenyl−metal amide Sn{N(SiMe3)2}{C6H3-2,6-Trip2}. Organometallics 17:5602
Su J, Li XW, Crittendon RC, Robinson GH (1997) How short is a -Ga⋮Ga- triple bond? synthesis and molecular structure of Na2[Mes*2C6H3-Ga⋮Ga-C6H3Mes*2] (Mes* = 2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2): The first gallyne. J Am Chem Soc 119:5471
Pu L, Senge MO, Olmstead MM, Power PP (1998) Synthesis and characterization of Na2{Ge(C6H3-2,6-Trip2)}2 and K2{Sn(C6H3-2,6-Trip2)}2(Trip = -C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3): A new class of multiply bonded main group compounds. J Am Chem Soc 120:12682
Ghadwal RS, Roesky HW, Merkel S, Henn J, Stalke D (2009) Lewis base stabilized dichlorosilylene. Angew Chem 121:5793
Ghadwal RS, Azhakar R, Roesky HW (2013) Dichlorosilylene: A high temperature transient species to an indispensable building block. Acc Chem Res 46:444
Inoue S, Eisenhut C (2013) A dihydrodisilene transition metal complex from an N-heterocyclic carbene-stabilized silylene monohydride. J Am Chem Soc 135:18315
Sindlinger CP, Wesemann L (2014) Hydrogen abstraction from organotin di- and trihydrides by N-heterocyclic carbenes: a new method for the preparation of NHC adducts to tin(II) species and observation of an isomer of a hexastannabenzene derivative [R6Sn6]. Chem Sci 5:2739
Green SP, Jones C, Stasch A (2007) Stable magnesium(I) compounds with Mg-Mg bonds. Science 318:1754
Bonyhady SJ, Jones C, Nembenna S, Stasch A, Edwards AJ, McIntyre GJ (2010) β-diketiminate-stabilized Magnesium(I) dimers and Magnesium(II) hydride complexes: Synthesis, characterization, adduct formation, and reactivity studies. Chem Eur J 16:938
Stasch A, Jones C (2011) Stable dimeric magnesium(I) compounds: from chemical landmarks to versatile reagents. Dalton Trans 40:5659
Lalrempuia R, Stasch A, Jones C (2013) The reductive disproportionation of CO2 using a magnesium(I) complex: analogies with low valent f-block chemistry. Chem Sci 4:4383
Fohlmeister L, Liu S, Schulten C, Moubaraki B, Stasch A, Cashion JD, Murray KS, Gagliardi L, Jones C (2012) Low-coordinate Iron(I) and Manganese(I) dimers: Kinetic stabilization of an exceptionally short Fe-Fe multiple bond. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:8294
Li J, Schenk C, Goedecke C, Frenking G, Jones C (2011) A digermyne with a Ge–Ge single bond that activates dihydrogen in the solid state. J Am Chem Soc 133:18622
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hadlington, T.J. (2017). General Introduction. In: On the Catalytic Efficacy of Low-Oxidation State Group 14 Complexes. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51807-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51807-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51806-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51807-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)