Skip to main content

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): A Standout Biopolymer for Environmental Sustainability

Handbook of Ecomaterials

Abstract

Polymers are considered as a versatile class of materials due to their enormous contributions that helped the mankind to reach the comfort level that we enjoy in today’s society. On the other hand, their extensive use creates various threats to the environment in terms of pollution to the atmosphere, various health hazards to humans and other living species, and moreover weakening of nonrenewable natural assets. The last few decades witnessed a paradigm shift toward development and commercialization of polymers from bio-based renewable resources that can suit very well for all those applications achieved by their petroleum-based counterparts. The present chapter analyzes in detail about the various life stages, starting from the sources, for a very important and widely commercialized biopolymer, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Recent developments in blends and composites of PHB with other polymers and fillers are discussed in terms of structure-property relationships and applications. Their contribution toward the preservation of the ecosystem and the sustainability is also described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. PlasticsEurope (2016) Plastics—the Facts 2016: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data

    Google Scholar 

  2. Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and the fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 3(7). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782

  3. Derraik JG (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 44(9):842–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Moore CJ (2008) Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat. Environ Res 108(2):131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Eriksen M, Lebreton LC, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, Galgani F, Ryan PG, Reisser J (2014) Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS One 9(12):e111913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Johnson R, Mwaikambo L, Tucker N (2003) Rapra review reports. Biopolymers 14:3–26

    Google Scholar 

  7. Biocomposites IfBa (2015) Biopolymers—facts and statistics

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kaplan DL (1998) Introduction to biopolymers from renewable resources. In: Biopolymers from renewable resources. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Cornell DD (2007) Biopolymers in the existing postconsumer plastics recycling stream. J Polym Environ 15(4):295–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Niaounakis M (2015) Biopolymers: applications and trends. William Andrew, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  11. Grousseau E, Blanchet E, Déléris S, Albuquerque MG, Paul E, Uribelarrea J-L (2013) Impact of sustaining a controlled residual growth on polyhydroxybutyrate yield and production kinetics in Cupriavidus necator. Bioresour Technol 148:30–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Sreedevi S, Unni KN, Sajith S, Priji P, Josh MS, Benjamin S (2014) Bioplastics: advances in polyhydroxybutyrate research

    Google Scholar 

  13. Saharan B, Ankita SD (2012) Bioplastics-for sustainable development: a review. Int J Microbial Res Technol 1:11–23

    Google Scholar 

  14. Verlinden RA, Hill DJ, Kenward M, Williams CD, Radecka I (2007) Bacterial synthesis of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates. J Appl Microbiol 102(6):1437–1449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hankermeyer CR, Tjeerdema RS (1999) Polyhydroxybutyrate: plastic made and degraded by microorganisms. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 159:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ren Q, Grubelnik A, Hoerler M, Ruth K, Hartmann R, Felber H, Zinn M (2005) Bacterial poly (hydroxyalkanoates) as a source of chiral hydroxy alkanoic acids. Biomacromolecules 6(4):2290–2298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Nair LS, Laurencin CT (2007) Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Prog Polym Sci 32(8):762–798

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhao K, Yang X, Chen G-Q, Chen J-C (2002) Effect of lipase treatment on the biocompatibility of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. J Mater Sci Mater Med 13(9):849–854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Chan RT, Russell RA, Marçal H, Lee TH, Holden PJ, Foster LJR (2013) BioPEGylation of polyhydroxybutyrate promotes nerve cell health and migration. Biomacromolecules 15(1):339–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bugnicourt E, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A, Alvarez VA (2014) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): review of synthesis, characteristics, processing and potential applications in packaging. Express Polym Lett 8:791–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lenz RW, Marchessault RH (2005) Bacterial polyesters: biosynthesis, biodegradable plastics and biotechnology. Biomacromolecules 6(1):1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lemoigne M (1926) Products of dehydration and of polymerization of β-hydroxybutyric acid. Bull Soc Chem Biol 8:770–782

    Google Scholar 

  23. Luengo JM, Garcıa B, Sandoval A, Naharro G, Olivera ER (2003) Bioplastics from microorganisms. Curr Opin Microbiol 6(3):251–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Heo K, Yoon J, Jin KS, Jin S, Sato H, Ozaki Y, Satkowski MM, Noda I, Ree M (2008) Structural evolution in microbial polyesters. J Phys Chem B 112(15):4571–4582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Poltronieri P, Kumar P (2017) Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in industrial applications. In: Martínez LMT, Kharissova OV, Kharisov BI (eds) Handbook of Ecomaterials. Springer, Cham, pp 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_70-1

    Google Scholar 

  26. Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1990) Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 54(4):450–472

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gassner F, Owen A (1996) Some properties of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)–poly (3-hydroxyvalerate) blends. Polym Int 39(3):215–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Cai S, Cai L, Liu H, Liu X, Han J, Zhou J, Xiang H (2012) Identification of the haloarchaeal phasin (PhaP) that functions in polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulation and granule formation in Haloferax mediterranei. Appl Environ Microbiol 78(6):1946–1952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Jendrossek D (2007) Peculiarities of PHA granules preparation and PHA depolymerase activity determination. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74(6):1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhang M, Thomas NL (2011) Blending polylactic acid with polyhydroxybutyrate: the effect on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation properties. Adv Polym Technol 30(2):67–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.20235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Iwata T, Aoyagi Y, Tanaka T, Fujita M, Takeuchi A, Suzuki Y, Uesugi K (2006) Microbeam X-ray diffraction and enzymatic degradation of poly [(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] fibres with two kinds of molecular conformations. Macromolecules 39(17):5789–5795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Jung IL, Phyo KH, Kim KC, Park HK, Kim IG (2005) Spontaneous liberation of intracellular polyhydroxybutyrate granules in Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol 156(8):865–873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Paganelli FL, de Macedo Lemos EG, Alves LMC (2011) Polyhydroxybutyrate in rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium: quantification and phbC gene expression. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27(4):773–778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. de Koning GJM, Lemstra PJ (1993) Crystallization phenomena in bacterial poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: 2. Embrittlement and rejuvenation. Polymer 34(19):4089–4094. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90671-V

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Sharma L, Ogino Y, Kanaya T, Iwata T, Doi Y (2006) A new shear technique: semi-continuous shear flow (SCSF) in medium and ultra high molecular weight polyhydroxybutyrate blends. J Mater Sci 41(17):5687–5695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0330-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Lovera D, Márquez L, Balsamo V, Taddei A, Castelli C, Müller AJ (2007) Crystallization, morphology, and enzymatic degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate/polycaprolactone (PHB/PCL) blends. Macromol Chem Phys 208(9):924–937. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200700011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Hong S-G, Gau T-K, Huang S-C (2011) Enhancement of the crystallization and thermal stability of polyhydroxybutyrate by polymeric additives. J Therm Anal Calorim 103(3):967–975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-1180-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kumagai Y, Doi Y (1992) Enzymatic degradation and morphologies of binary blends of microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(1,4-butylene adipate) and poly(vinyl acetate). Polym Degrad Stab 36(3):241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(92)90062-A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Barham PJ, Organ SJ (1994) Mechanical properties of polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymer blends. J Mater Sci 29(6):1676–1679. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00368945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Abou-Aiad TH, El-Sabee MZ, Abd-El-Nour KN, Saad GR, El-Sayed E-SA, Gaafar EA (2002) Miscibility and the specific interaction of polyhydroxybutyrate blended with polyvinyl acetate and poly(vinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol) with some biological applications. J Appl Polym Sci 86(9):2363–2374. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Pankova YN, Shchegolikhin AN, Iordanskii AL, Zhulkina AL, Ol'khov AA, Zaikov GE (2010) The characterization of novel biodegradable blends based on polyhydroxybutyrate: the role of water transport. J Mol Liq 156(1):65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2010.04.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Arrieta MP, López J, Hernández A, Rayón E (2014) Ternary PLA–PHB–limonene blends intended for biodegradable food packaging applications. Eur Polym J 50(Supplement C):255–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.11.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Nair NR, Nampoothiri KM, Pandey A (2012) Preparation of poly(l-lactide) blends and biodegradation by Lentzea waywayandensis. Biotechnol Lett 34(11):2031–2035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-012-1005-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhang M, Thomas NL (2010) Preparation and properties of polyhydroxybutyrate blended with different types of starch. J Appl Polym Sci 116(2):688–694. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. de Carvalho FP, Quental AC, Felisberti MI (2008) Polyhydroxybutyrate/acrylonitrile-g-(ethylene-co- propylene-co-diene)-g-styrene blends: their morphology and thermal and mechanical behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 110(2):880–889. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Lin K-W, Lan C-H, Sun Y-M (2016) Poly[(R)3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB)/poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) blends with poly(PHB/PLLA urethane) as a compatibilizer. Polym Degrad Stab 134(Supplement C):30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.09.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Arrieta MP, Fortunati E, Dominici F, Rayón E, López J, Kenny JM (2014) PLA-PHB/cellulose based films: mechanical, barrier and disintegration properties. Polym Degrad Stab 107(Supplement C):139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Horowitz DM, Sanders JKM (1994) Phase separation within artificial granules from a blend of polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxyoctanoate: biological implications. Polymer 35(23):5079–5083. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90668-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Asran AS, Razghandi K, Aggarwal N, Michler GH, Groth T (2010) Nanofibers from blends of polyvinyl alcohol and polyhydroxy butyrate as potential scaffold material for tissue engineering of skin. Biomacromolecules 11(12):3413–3421. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm100912v

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Arrieta MP, López J, Rayón E, Jiménez A (2014) Disintegrability under composting conditions of plasticized PLA–PHB blends. Polym Degrad Stab 108(Supplement C):307–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Reis KC, Pereira J, Smith AC, Carvalho CWP, Wellner N, Yakimets I (2008) Characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-HV)/maize starch blend films. J Food Eng 89(4):361–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.04.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Garcia-Garcia D, Ferri JM, Boronat T, Lopez-Martinez J, Balart R (2016) Processing and characterization of binary poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) blends with improved impact properties. Polym Bull 73(12):3333–3350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-016-1659-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Rajan R, Sreekumar PA, Joseph K, Skrifvars M (2012) Thermal and mechanical properties of chitosan reinforced polyhydroxybutyrate composites. J Appl Polym Sci 124(4):3357–3362. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.35341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. D'Amico DA, Manfredi LB, Cyras VP (2012) Relationship between thermal properties, morphology, and crystallinity of nanocomposites based on polyhydroxybutyrate. J Appl Polym Sci 123(1):200–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Foster LJR, Tighe BJ (2009) In vitro hydrolytic degradation of centrifugally spun polyhydroxybutyrate–pectin composite fibres. Polym Int 58(12):1442–1451. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Macedo JS, Costa MF, Tavares MIB, Thiré RMSM (2010) Preparation and characterization of composites based on polyhydroxybutyrate and waste powder from coconut fibers processing. Polym Eng Sci 50(7):1466–1475. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Ni J, Wang M (2002) In vitro evaluation of hydroxyapatite reinforced polyhydroxybutyrate composite. Mater Sci Eng C 20(1):101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-4931(02)00019-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Krishnaprasad R, Veena NR, Maria HJ, Rajan R, Skrifvars M, Joseph K (2009) Mechanical and thermal properties of bamboo microfibril reinforced polyhydroxybutyrate biocomposites. J Polym Environ 17(2):109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-009-0127-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Rajan KP, Veena NR, Maria HJ, Rajan R, Skrifvars M, Joseph K (2011) Extraction of bamboo microfibrils and development of biocomposites based on polyhydroxybutyrate and bamboo microfibrils. J Compos Mater 45(12):1325–1329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998310381543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Cabedo L, Plackett D, Giménez E, Lagarón JM (2009) Studying the degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate during processing with clay-based nanofillers. J Appl Polym Sci 112(6):3669–3676. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Wei L, Liang S, McDonald AG (2015) Thermophysical properties and biodegradation behavior of green composites made from polyhydroxybutyrate and potato peel waste fermentation residue. Ind Crop Prod 69:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.02.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Zhijiang C, Cong Z, Jie G, Qing Z, Kongyin Z (2018) Electrospun carboxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes grafted polyhydroxybutyrate composite nanofibers membrane scaffolds: preparation, characterization and cytocompatibility. Mater Sci Eng C 82(Supplement C):29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Hosokawa MN, Darros AB, VAdS M, JMFd P (2017) Polyhydroxybutyrate composites with random Mats of sisal and coconut fibers. Mater Res 20:279–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Sato T, Taylor LS (2017) Acceleration of the crystal growth rate of low molecular weight organic compounds in supercooled liquids in the presence of polyhydroxybutyrate. CrystEngComm 19(1):80–87. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CE02177H

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Tan WL, Yaakob NN, Abidin AZ, Bakar MA, Bakar NHHA (2016) Metal chloride induced formation of porous Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) films: morphology, thermal properties and crystallinity. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 133(1):012012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Barouti G, Jaffredo CG, Guillaume SM (2017) Advances in drug delivery systems based on synthetic poly(hydroxybutyrate) (co)polymers. Prog Polym Sci 73(Supplement C):1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Sustainability, http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/basicinfo.htm

  68. Ong SY, Chee JY, Sudesh K (2017) Degradation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): a review. Journal of Siberian Federal University Biology 10(2):211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Suyama T, Tokiwa Y, Ouichanpagdee P, Kanagawa T, Kamagata Y (1998) Phylogenetic affiliation of soil bacteria that degrade aliphatic polyesters available commercially as biodegradable plastics. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(12):5008–5011

    Google Scholar 

  70. Swift G (1993) Directions for environmentally biodegradable polymer research. Acc Chem Res 26(3):105–110

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  71. Kumagai Y, Kanesawa Y, Doi Y (1992) Enzymatic degradation of microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) films. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 193(1):53–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.1992.021930105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Kumagai Y, Doi Y (1992) Enzymatic degradation of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)-based blends: poly (3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly (ethylene oxide) blend. Polym Degrad Stab 35(1):87–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Lee K-M, Gimore D, Huss M (2005) Fungal degradation of the bioplastic PHB (Poly-3-hydroxy-butyric acid). J Polym Environ 13(3):213–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP (2004) Review degradation of microbial polyesters. Biotechnol Lett 26(15):1181–1189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Shah AA, Hasan F, Hameed A, Ahmed S (2008) Biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 26(3):246–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.12.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Kanesawa Y, Tanahashi N, Doi Y, Saito T (1994) Enzymatic degradation of microbial poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates). Polym Degrad Stab 45(2):179–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Eldsäter C, Albertsson AC, Karlsson S (1997) Impact of degradation mechanisms on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) during composting. Acta Polym 48(11):478–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Braunegg G, Sonnleitner B, Lafferty R (1978) A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in microbial biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 6(1):29–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Scandola M, Focarete ML, Adamus G, Sikorska W, Baranowska I, Świerczek S, Gnatowski M, Kowalczuk M, Jedliński Z (1997) Polymer blends of natural poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and a synthetic atactic poly (3-hydroxybutyrate). Characterization and biodegradation studies. Macromolecules 30(9):2568–2574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Athlan A, Braud C, Vert M (1997) Abiotic aging of water-soluble 3-hydroxybutyric acid oligomers as monitored by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Polym Environ 5(4):243–247

    Google Scholar 

  81. Abe H, Doi Y, Kumagai Y (1994) 3-hydroxybutyrate-β-6-hydroxyhexanoate as a compatibilizer for a biodegradable blend of poly [(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] and poly (6-hydroxyhexanoate). Macromolecules 27:6012–6017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Abe H, Doi Y, Aoki H, Akehata T, Hori Y, Yamaguchi A (1995) Physical properties and enzymic degradability of copolymers of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric and 6-hydroxyhexanoic acids. Macromolecules 28(23):7630–7637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Polyák P, Rácz P, Rózsa P, Nagy GN, Vértessy BG, Pukánszky B (2017) The novel technique of vapor pressure analysis to monitor the enzymatic degradation of PHB by HPLC chromatography. Anal Biochem 521:20–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Krishna Prasad Rajan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Rajan, K.P., Thomas, S.P., Gopanna, A., Chavali, M. (2018). Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): A Standout Biopolymer for Environmental Sustainability. In: Martínez, L., Kharissova, O., Kharisov, B. (eds) Handbook of Ecomaterials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_92-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_92-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48281-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48281-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): A Standout Biopolymer for Environmental Sustainability
    Published:
    28 November 2018

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_92-2

  2. Original

    Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): A Standout Biopolymer for Environmental Sustainability
    Published:
    15 December 2017

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_92-1