Abstract
In cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), cardiac and renal dysfunction coexist, creating a complex clinical picture. This commonly encountered scenario is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiorenal biomarkers are emerging as a tool to help define CRS pathophysiology and direct patient care. Emerging novel biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C (CysC), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and proenkephalin (pro-ENK) can help identify renal impairment earlier, further delineate etiology and potentially guide treatment in the future. In this chapter, we will discuss cardio-renal syndrome, definitions of renal injury, the limitations of creatinine as a biomarker, and new biomarkers for cardio-renal dysfunction.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Smith GL, Lichtman JH, Bracken MB, et al. Renal impairment and outcomes in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(10):1987–96.
Forman DE, Butler J, Wang Y, et al. Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(1):61–7.
Heywood JT, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, et al. High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database. J Card Fail. 2007;13(6):422–30.
Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, et al. Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(19):1527–39.
Damman K, Navis G, Voors AA, et al. Worsening renal function and prognosis in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Card Fail. 2007;13(8):599–608.
Ljungman S, Kjekshus J, Swedberg K. Renal function in severe congestive heart failure during treatment with enalapril (the cooperative north scandinavian enalapril survival study [CONSENSUS] trial). Am J Cardiol. 1992;70(4):479–87.
Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure–definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the second international consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative (ADQI) group. Crit Care. 2004;8(4):R204–12.
Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute kidney injury network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2007;11(2):R31.
Bellomo R. Acute renal failure. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32(5):639–50.
Ferguson MA, Waikar SS. Established and emerging markers of kidney function. Clin Chem. 2012;58(4):680–9.
Supavekin S, Zhang W, Kucherlapati R, et al. Differential gene expression following early renal ischemia/reperfusion. Kidney Int. 2003;63(5):1714–24.
Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, et al. Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54(6):1012–24.
Aghel A, Shrestha K, Mullens W, et al. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in predicting worsening renal function in acute decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail. 2010;16(1):49–54.
Haase M, Devarajan P, Haase-Fielitz A, et al. The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(17):1752–61.
Maisel AS, Mueller C, Fitzgerald R. Prognostic utility of plasma neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin in patients with acute heart failure: the NGAL EvaLuation along with B-type NaTriuretic peptide in acutely decompensated heart failure (GALLANT) trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(8):846–51.
Lassus J, Harjola VP. Cystatin C: a step forward in assessing kidney function and cardiovascular risk. Heart Fail Rev. 2012;17(2):251–61.
Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Husing J, et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int. 2004;66(3):1115–22.
Lassus JP, Nieminen MS, Peuhkurinen K, et al. Markers of renal function and acute kidney injury in acute heart failure: definitions and impact on outcomes of the cardiorenal syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(22):2791–8.
Eriksen BO, Mathisen UD, Melsom T, et al. Cystatin C is not a better estimator of GFR than plasma creatinine in the general population. Kidney Int. 2010;78(12):1305–11.
Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int. 2002;62(1):237–44.
Damman K, Ng Kam Chuen MJ, MacFadyen RJ, et al. Volume status and diuretic therapy in systolic heart failure and the detection of early abnormalities in renal and tubular function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(22):2233–41.
Ernst A, Köhrle J, Bergmann A. Proenkephalin A 119–159, a stable proenkephalin A precursor fragment identified in human circulation. Peptides. 2006;27(7):1835–40.
Shah KS, Taub P, Patel M, et al. Proenkephalin predicts acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery patients. Clin Nephrol. 2015;83(1):29–35.
Ng LL, Sandhu JK, Narayan H, et al. Proenkephalin and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(3):280–9.
McCullough PA, Duc P, Omland T, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and renal function in the diagnosis of heart failure: an analysis from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(3):571–9.
Anwaruddin S, Lloyd-Jones DM, Baggish A, et al. Renal function, congestive heart failure, and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement: results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(1):91–7.
Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD, et al. Cardio-renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):703–11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Phreaner, N., Pearce, A., Maisel, A.S. (2016). Biomarkers in Cardio-Renal Dysfunction. In: Maisel, A., Jaffe, A. (eds) Cardiac Biomarkers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42982-3_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42982-3_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42980-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-42982-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)