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Concept of Landscape Management at Borobudur in the 1970s

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Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Archaeology ((BRIEFSARCHHERIT))

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Abstract

The early 1990s saw a move against European-dominated discourses of heritage and the concept of authenticity in the World Heritage system, with the development of the Nara Document. The Document, now in its twentieth year from inception, articulated a developing Asian approach to authenticity, recognizing the ways and means to preserve cultural heritage with community participation and different understandings of heritage that existed outside Europe. Meanwhile, there was another significant development and split in ideas around cultural landscapes in the 1990s that has broadened wider interdisciplinary debates in heritage studies. Through the case study of the Borobudur Temple, which was the focus of large-scale interventions by UNESCO and the Japanese during the 1970s, this chapter explores the dichotomy between European monument-centered heritage approaches against the cultural landscapes concept developed in Japan. Overall, this chapter finds that at the time of the site’s nomination for inscription on the World Heritage List, the obligatory use of World Heritage criteria meant that the Indonesian authorities followed European ideas of heritage value. This resulted in continued postcolonial monument-centered heritage conservation and held back the shift of heritage management to community involvement and the practice of wider landscape protection.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    From February to March of 1975, a field survey was conducted and an interim report with three complementary Progress Reports was presented in April of the same year. In July, a supplementary field survey was constructed and, after careful review in Japan, a final draft was presented in December. Based on suggestions made by the Indonesian government, the draft was revised and the final study was presented in March of the following year. The conclusions and recommendations were established and agreed through step-by-step discussions with the two aforementioned ccommittees, following a detailed study of the project (Japan International Cooperation Agency 1976).

  2. 2.

    First meeting on February 11 and 13 of 1975, second meeting on March 5 and 6 of 1975, third meeting on May 9 and 10 of 1975, fourth meeting on July 1, 2, and 10 of 1975, fifth meeting on September 29 and October 4 of 1975, sixth meeting from October 26 to November 8 of 1975, seventh meeting on December 22 and 24 of 1975 (Japan International Cooperation Agency 1976).

  3. 3.

    The Study (Japan International Cooperation Agency 1976) notes that ‘A Park Authority will be established by Presidential order for the execution of the project. A special Council to be established by the final decision making body is to support the activities of the Park Authority. Certain subordinate organizations to the Park Authority in the different stages of the Project should also be provided’ (p. x).

  4. 4.

    The study (Japan International Cooperation Agency 1976) refers to the Monument Act for the permanent protection of historical monuments.

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  1. Chief of Culture unit, UNESCO, Kabul, Afghanistan

    Masanori Nagaoka

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  1. Masanori Nagaoka
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Nagaoka, M. (2016). Concept of Landscape Management at Borobudur in the 1970s. In: Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42046-2_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42046-2_2

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