Abstract
Constructing so-called ontologies (Although there is an analogy between the notion of ontology in computer science and the notion of ontology in philosophy, we should differentiate between the two notions. In philosophy ontology is the study of being, its essential properties and its ultimate reasons.) is one of the main goals of applying structural models of knowledge representation, which have been introduced in Sect. 2.4. In Artificial Intelligence and in computer science, an ontology (The system Cyc, which is developed by D. Lenat, is one of the biggest AI systems based on an ontology-based approach.) is defined as a formal specification (conceptualization) of a certain (application) domain which is defined in such a way that it can be used for solving various problems (in the scope of this domain) with the help of general reasoning methods (Such standard reasoning methods are analogous to a universal reasoning scheme, which is discussed in a previous chapter.). Such a specification is of the structural form. It can be treated as a kind of encyclopedia for the domain which contains descriptions of notions, objects, relations between them, etc.
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Notes
- 1.
Although there is an analogy between the notion of ontology in computer science and the notion of ontology in philosophy, we should differentiate between the two notions. In philosophy ontology is the study of being, its essential properties and its ultimate reasons.
- 2.
The system Cyc, which is developed by D. Lenat, is one of the biggest AI systems based on an ontology-based approach.
- 3.
Such standard reasoning methods are analogous to a universal reasoning scheme, which is discussed in a previous chapter.
- 4.
Description logics are introduced formally in Appendix D.
- 5.
In the RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color model.
- 6.
We assume that secondary colors are obtained with the help of additive color mixing, i.e., by mixing visible light from various colored light sources.
- 7.
This example has been defined on the basis of the documentation of the project Generic Requirements Model for LHC Control Systems, which was coordinated by the author and Dr. Axel Daneels at Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) in Geneva in 1997–1998.
- 8.
For example, an AI control system containing about 100 class frames and more than 3000 object frames, which has been implemented for the high-energy physics experiment under the supervision of the author and Dr. Ulf Behrens, has processed data in real time (Flasiński M.: Further Development of the ZEUS Expert System: Computer Science Foundations of Design. DESY Report 94-048, Hamburg, March 1994, ISSN 0418-9833).
- 9.
Such a stereotyped sequence of elementary steps which define an event is sometimes called a stereotyped scenario.
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Flasiński, M. (2016). Structural Models of Knowledge Representation. In: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40022-8_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40022-8_7
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