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The Politics of Power

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Abstract

The EU–Russia Energy Dialogue was launched in Paris at the EU–Russia Summit on 30 October 2000. Present at the ceremony were Russia’s recently elected president Vladimir Putin, France’s president Jacques Chirac, European Union (EU) Commission President Romano Prodi and the EU’s High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana. The parties had agreed to initiate a dialogue that would ‘enable progress to be made in the definition of an EU-Russia energy partnership and arrangements for it’. World energy prices were on the rise, and the EU needed to secure a steady inflow from its main supplier, Russia, which was only happy to oblige its biggest export market. The proposed partnership would be established within the framework of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) between Russia and the EU. Such an agreement, which according to the Commission would be legally binding by national law, would include not only provisions for collaboration in oil, gas, coal, electricity and nuclear energy, but also measures concerning energy efficiency and investment.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    EU-Russia Summit, “EU/Russia Summit Joint Declaration IP/00/1239,” (Paris: EU-Russia Summit, 2000).

  2. 2.

    EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Synthesis Report,” (Brussels/Moscow: EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, 2001), 2.

  3. 3.

    European Commission, “Communication from President Prodi, Vice President de Palacio and Commissioner Patten to the Commission—the EU-Russia Energy Dialogue,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2001), 2.

  4. 4.

    Author’s interviews with Christian Cleutinx, former Director of the EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, European Commission [Brussels, 11.09.12]; EU Official A [Brussels, 22.05.12].

  5. 5.

    European Commission, “Energy Dialogue with Russia—Update on Progress,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2002), 2.

  6. 6.

    Author’s interview with Christian Cleutinx.

  7. 7.

    EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Synthesis Report.”

  8. 8.

    Author’s interviews with Stanislav Zhiznin, former chief counsellor of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs [11.03.12]; Christian Cleutinx.

  9. 9.

    Author’s interview with EU Official A.

  10. 10.

    European Commission, “Eurostat,” European Commission, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/.

  11. 11.

    Author’s interview with Stanislav Zhiznin.

  12. 12.

    There is really only one monograph devoted to the EU–Russia Energy Dialogue, and even that contains only a couple of chapters directly addressing it; see Pami Aalto, ed. The EU-Russian Energy Dialogue : Europe’s Future Energy Security (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008). See chapters by Westphal & Aalto and Romanova. Tatiana Romanova is arguably the scholar who has concentrated most on the Energy Dialogue, see, for instance, Tatiana Romanova, “The Russian Perspective on the Energy Dialogue,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 16, no. 2 (2008); “Russian Energy in the EU Market: Bolstered Institutions and Their Effects,” Energy Policy, no. 74 (2014). Another scholar who has devoted some sustained attention towards the Energy Dialogue is Katinka Barysch; see, for instance, Katinka Barysch, The EU and Russia: All Smiles and no Action? (London: Centre for European Reform, 2011).

  13. 13.

    Michael Emerson and Nadezhda K. Arbatova, The Elephant and the Bear Try Again (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2006); Vladimir Milov, “The EU-Russia Energy Dialogue: Competition Versus Monopolies,” Russie.Nei.Visions, no. September 13 (2006); Cameron Fraser, The Politics of EU-Russia Energy Relations (Brussels: EU-Russia Centre, 2009); Richard Youngs, “Europe’s External Energy Policy, between Geopolitics and the Market,” CEPS Working Document, no. 278 (2007); Fyodor Lukyanov, “Russia-EU: The Partnership that Went Astray,” Europe-Asia Studies 60, no. 6 (2008); Timofei Bordachev, “Toward a Strategic Alliance,” Russia in Global Affairs, no. 8 May (2006); Andrew Monaghan, “Russia’s Energy Diplomacy: A Political Idea Lacking a Strategy?,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 7, no. 2 (2007); Sergey Yastrzhembsky, “Trust, Not Double Standards: What Russia Expects from the EU,” in Pipelines, Politics and Power, the Future of EU-Russia Energy Relations, ed. Katinka Barysch (London: Centre for European Reform (CER), 2008); Konstantin Kosachev, “Do We Have a Shared Future in Energy?,” ibid.; Michal Natorski and Anna Herranz, “The Impact of German-Russian and Polish-Ukrainian Special Relations on European Foreign Policy,” in Reflecting on a Wider Europe and Beyond (University of Tartu, Estonia, 2006); Andres Mäe et al., Energy Security of Estonia in the Context of the Energy Policy of the European Union (Tallinn: Riigikogu Foreign Affairs Committee, 2006).

  14. 14.

    Pavel Baev, “Reformatting the EU-Russia Pseudo-Partnership: What a Difference a Crisis Makes,” in Responding to a Resurgent Russia: Russian Policy and Responses from the European Union and the United States, ed. Vinod K. Aggarwal and Kristi Govella (London: Springer, 2012); James Hughes, “EU Relations with Russia, Partnership or Asymmetric Interdependency?,” in The EU’s Foreign Policy in an Evolving International System, the Road to Convergence, ed. Nicola Casarini and Costanza Muzu (London: Palgrave, 2006); Stanislav Zhiznin, Energy Diplomacy: Russia and the World (Moscow: East Brook 2007); Maria Lagutina, “The Nord Stream Pipeline: Energy Security or Energy Dependence?,” in Energy and Security in the Baltic Sea Region, ed. Thomas Jonter and Ilja Viktorov (Stockholm: Stockholm University, 2011); Efstathios T. Fakiolas, “A Former Superpower Coming Out of Hibernation: Today’s Russia in World Politics,” in International Politics in Times of Change, ed. Nikolaos Tzifakis (London: Springer, 2012); Andrew Monaghan, “Energy Security—What Role for NATO?,” Nato Defense College Research Paper, no. 29 (2006); Michael Emerson, “The EU-Russia-US Triangle,” CEPS Policy Brief, no. 52 (2004); Jonathan Stern, The Russian-Ukrainian Gas Crisis of January 2006 (Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2006); Gawdat Bahgat, “Europe’s Energy Security: Challenges and Opportunities,” International Affairs 82, no. 5 (2006); Andrei Zagorski, “EU Policies towards Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus,” in European Union Foreign and Security Policies, toward a Neighbourhood Strategy, ed. Roland Danreuther (London: Routledge, 2004); Nadia Alexandrova-Arbatova, “Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea Area in the Context of EU-Russia Relations,” Xenophon Paper, no. 5 (2008); Margarita Balmaceda, Energy Dependency, Politics and Corruption in the Former Soviet Union (London: Routledge, 2008); Dimitrios Triantaphyllou, “Energy Security and Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP): The Wider Black Sea Area Context,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 7, no. 2 (2007).

  15. 15.

    Andrei Konoplyanik, “Russian Gas at European Market, Why Adaptation Is Inevitable,” Energy Strategy Reviews 1, no. 1 (2012); Lea Sarah Kulick, Energy Security of the European Union and Russia: A Relationship of Interdependence (Norderstedt: Grin Verlag, 2010); Panagiotis Grammelis et al., “Refurbishment Priorities at the Russian Coal-Fired Power Sector for Cleaner Energy Production—Case Studies,” Energy Policy 34, no. 17 (2006); Dominique Finon and Catherine Locatelli, “Russian and European Gas Interdependence: Could Contractual Trade Channel Geopolitics?,” ibid. 36, no. 1 (2008); Jeffery Piper and Christian Cleutinx, “The EU-Russia Energy Dialogue,” in Pipelines, Politics and Power, the Future of EU-Russia Energy Relations, ed. Katinka Barysch (London: Centre for European Reform (CER), 2008); Aldo Spanjer, “Russian Gas Price Reform and the EU-Russia Gas Relationship,” Energy Policy 35, no. 5 (2007); Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz, “Russia’s Gas Sector: In Need of Liberalization in the Context of the Shale Gas Revolution and Energy Relations with the European Union,” Journal of East-West Business, no. 18 (2012); Katinka Barysch, The EU and Russia, from Principle to Pragmatism, Policy brief / Centre for European Reform (London: Centre for European Reform, 2006); Jonathan Stern, The Future of Russian Gas and Gazprom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Michael Thumann, “Multiplying Sources as the Best Strategy for EU-Russia Energy Relations,” Russia.Nei.Visions, no. 10d May (2006); Andris Piebalgs, “Win-Win Co-Operation Is Possible in Energy,” in Pipelines, Politics and Power, the Future of EU-Russia Energy Relations, ed. Katinka Barysch (London: Centre for European Reform (CER), 2008); Rafael Leal-Arcas, “The EU and Russia as Energy Trading Partners: Friends or Foes,” European Foreign Affairs Review 14 (2009).

  16. 16.

    Romanova, “The Russian Perspective on the Energy Dialogue.”; Andreas Goldthau, “Emerging Governance Challenges for Eurasian Gas Markets after the Shale Gas Revolution,” in Dynamics of Energy Governance in Europe and Russia, ed. Caroline Kuzemko, et al. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Pami Alto, From Separate Policies to Dialogue? Natural Gas, Oil and Electricity on the Future Agenda of EU-Russia Energy Relations, vol. March (Tartu: University of Tartu Centre for EU-Russia Studies, 2012); Manfred Hafner and Simone Tagliapietra, “Rethinking the EU Gas Security of Supply Architecture,” in A New EU Gas Security of Supply Architecture, ed. Jean-Michel Glachant, et al. (Deventer: Claeys & Casteels, 2012); Anatole Boute, “The European Foreign Energy Efficiency Policy,” in Dynamics of Energy Governance in Europe and Russia, ed. Caroline Kuzemko, et al. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Andrei Konoplyanik, “A Common Russia-EU Energy Space,” Oil, Gas & Energy Law, no. 2 (2009); Dieter Helm, “The Russian Dimension and Europe’s External Energy Policy,” (2007); Katinka Barysch, Russia, Realism and EU Unity, Essays (London: Centre for European Reform., 2007).

  17. 17.

    Andrei Belyi, “The EU’s Missed Role in International Transit Governance,” Journal of European Integration 34, no. 3 (2011); Viatcheslav Morozov, “Energy Dialogue and the Future of Russia,” in The EU-Russian energy dialogue : Europe’s future energy security, ed. Pami Aalto (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008); Sergei Prozorov, “The Narratives of Exclusion and Self-Exclusion in the Russian Conflict Discourse on EU-Russian Relations,” Political Geography 26, no. 3 (2007); Amelia Hadfield, “EU-Russia Relations: Aggregation and Aggravation,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 16, no. 2 (2008); Pami Aalto and Dicle K. Temel, “European Energy Security: Natural Gas and the Integration Process,” Jcms-Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 4 (2014); Petr Kratochvil and Lukas Tichy, “EU and Russian Discourse on Energy Relations,” Energy Policy 56, no. May (2013); Charles Ziegler, “Energy Pipeline Networks and Trust: The European Union and Russia in Comparative Perspective,” International Relations 27, no. 1 (2013).

  18. 18.

    Author’s interviews with Klaus Kleinekorte, former Eurelectric/RWE-official, consultant for the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, Germany [Brussels, 24.09.12]; Terry Adams, former consultant for the Department of Energy & Climate Change, UK [Phone & e-mail, 25 & 26.09.12]; Dutch Industry Official [Phone, 21.09.12]; French Official A [Phone, 27.09.12]; French Official B [Phone, 26.09.12]; Russian Official A [Moscow, 22.03.12].

  19. 19.

    Gerard Genette, Figures of Literary Discourse (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982), 120.

  20. 20.

    Robert Scholes, “Language, Narrative and Anti-Narrative,” in On Narrative, ed. W.J.T. Mitchell (Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 205.

  21. 21.

    Gerald Prince, “Revisiting Narrativity,” in Transcending Boundaries: Narratology in Context, ed. Walter Grünzweig and Andreas Solbach (Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1999), 43.

  22. 22.

    Susana Onega and Jose Angel Garcia Landa, Narratology, an Introduction (London: Longman, 1996), 6.

  23. 23.

    Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

  24. 24.

    Author’s interviews with Vladimir Milov, former Deputy Energy Minister of Russia [Moscow, 11.03.12]; Jonathan Stern, EU speaker for the Gas Advisory Council under the EU-Russia Energy Dialogue [Phone, 06.07.12]; Stanislav Zhiznin.

  25. 25.

    Author’s interview with Stanislav Zhiznin.

  26. 26.

    EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Synthesis Report.”; author’s interviews with Vladimir Milov; Christian Cleutinx; EU National Official A [Phone, 09.10.12]; EU Official A; Terry Adams; Klaus Kleinekorte; Dutch Industry Official.

  27. 27.

    Nicholas Onuf, World of Our Making (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989), 58–59.

  28. 28.

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  29. 29.

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  30. 30.

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  31. 31.

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  32. 32.

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  33. 33.

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  34. 34.

    Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), p. 11.

  35. 35.

    Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 1.

  36. 36.

    “Ideas, Power and Change, Explaining EU–Russia Energy Relations,” Journal of European Public Policy 21, no. 1 (2014), my emphasis.

  37. 37.

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  38. 38.

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  39. 39.

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  40. 40.

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  43. 43.

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  44. 44.

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  45. 45.

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  47. 47.

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  48. 48.

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  49. 49.

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  50. 50.

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  51. 51.

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  54. 54.

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  55. 55.

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    Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Dieter Fuchs, and Jan Zielonka, Democracy and Political Culture in Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 1114; Lukyanov, “Russia-EU: The Partnership That Went Astray.”

  68. 68.

    Morozov, “Energy Dialogue and the Future of Russia,” pp. 43–4, 60, my emphasis.

  69. 69.

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  70. 70.

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  78. 78.

    Social Theory of International Politics, p. 229.

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    Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot, International Practices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 6.

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  89. 89.

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  97. 97.

    Julia Kristeva, Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1980), p. 67; Mikhail M. Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), pp. 151–52.

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    Mikhail M. Bakhtin, “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel,” in The Dialogic Imagination, Four Essays, ed. Mikhail M. Bakhtin and Michael Holquist (University of Texas Press, 1981).

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    Sue Vice, Introducing Bakhtin (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), p. 93.

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    Bakhtin, “Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel,” 250.

  110. 110.

    For more on this, see Richard Sakwa, The Crisis of Russian Democracy, the Dual State, Factionalism, and the Medvedev Succession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Vadim Kononenko and Arkadii Moshes, Russia As a Network State, What Works in Russia When State Institutions Do Not? (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).

  111. 111.

    Wissenschaft als Beruf, 1917/1919 ; Politik als Beruf, 1919, Gesamtausgabe. Abteilung I, Schriften und Reden / Max Weber (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1992), p. 191.

  112. 112.

    Ibid., pp. 192–3.

  113. 113.

    Max Weber, Methodology of Social Sciences (Somerset: Transaction, 2011), p. XXX.

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  116. 116.

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  1. Defense Staff Norway, Oslo, Norway

    Lars-Christian U. Talseth

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Talseth, LC.U. (2017). Introduction. In: The Politics of Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33126-3_1

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