Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Determination of Individual Rights

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Individual Rights in EU Law

  • 761 Accesses

Abstract

Rights in national legal systems are conceptualized to varying degrees. Germany, for instance, has traditionally provided for a three-step test when determining whether an individual holds a ‘subjektiv-öffentliches’ right; details differ in the scholarly presentations, but there must be at least (1) a binding legal rule (including one that imposes a duty of conduct on the administration), (2) that aims to protect (albeit not necessarily solely) individual interests, and most importantly, (3) that gives the power to enforce protection of the individual.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Cf., e.g., Hölscheidt (2001), p. 379; and Schoch (1999), p. 458. Cf., also, Sect. 11.1.1.1.

  2. 2.

    For an opposite view, see Ward (2012), pp. 595–596.

  3. 3.

    Case T-341/07 Sison [2011] ECR II-7915, para 47.

  4. 4.

    Case 283/81 CILFIT [1982] ECR 3415, para 5.

  5. 5.

    Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 1, p. 12.

  6. 6.

    Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ 2011 L 304, p. 64).

  7. 7.

    Council Directive 80/987/EEC of 20 October 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the protection of employees in the event of the insolvency of their employer (OJ 1980 L 283, p. 23), as amended by Council Directive 87/164/EEC of 2 March 1987 (OJ 1987 L 66, p. 11). Cf., now, Directive 2008/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 on the protection of employees in the event of the insolvency of their employer (Codified version) (OJ 2008 L 283, p. 36).

  8. 8.

    Explanations Relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights (OJ 2007 C 303, p. 17) 35.

  9. 9.

    Cf. Sect. 15.5.1.

  10. 10.

    Cf. van Dam (2013), p. 289.

  11. 11.

    Case T-341/07 Sison [2011] ECR II-7915, para 47.

  12. 12.

    Case T-341/07 Sison [2011] ECR II-7915, para 48.

  13. 13.

    Case T-341/07 Sison [2011] ECR II-7915, para 49.

  14. 14.

    Case T-341/07 Sison [2011] ECR II-7915, para 50.

  15. 15.

    Case T-341/07 Sison [2011] ECR II-7915, para 51.

  16. 16.

    Case C-445/06 Danske Slagterier [2009] ECR I-2119, para 24.

  17. 17.

    Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use (OJ 2001 L 311, p. 67), as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2007 (OJ 2007 L 324, p. 121, and corrigendum OJ 2009 L 87, p. 174).

  18. 18.

    Case C-104/13 Olainfarm [2014] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 23 October 2014) (OJ 2014 C 439, p. 3) (EU:C:2014:2316), para 37.

  19. 19.

    Cf., in general, inter alia, Rosas (2014).

  20. 20.

    Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (OJ 1995 L 281, p. 31).

  21. 21.

    Case C-73/07 Satakunnan Markkinapörssi [2008] ECR I-9831, para 54.

  22. 22.

    Cf., e.g., Joined Cases 5, 7 and 13-24/66 Kampffmeyer and Others v Commission [1967] ECR 245, 262–263.

  23. 23.

    Council Directive 90/314/EEC of 13 June 1990 on package travel, package holidays and package tours (OJ 1990 L 158, p. 59). Cf., now, Directive (EU) 2015/2302 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on package travel and linked travel arrangements, amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 90/314/EEC (OJ 2015 L 326, p. 1).

  24. 24.

    Joined Cases C-178, C-179, C-188, C-189 and C-190/94 Dillenkofer [1996] ECR I-4845, para 36.

  25. 25.

    Joined Cases C-178, C-179, C-188, C-189 and C-190/94 Dillenkofer [1996] ECR I-4845, para 37.

  26. 26.

    Case T-309/03 Camós Grau [2006] ECR II-1173, para 102, with reference to Case C-269/90 Technische Universität München [1991] ECR I-5469, para 14.

  27. 27.

    Cf., e.g., Säuberlich (2005), pp. 188–189.

  28. 28.

    Cf. Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur [1996] ECR I-1029, paras 71–72.

  29. 29.

    Cf. Glavanovits and Eliantonio (2011), p. 58.

  30. 30.

    van Dam (2013), p. 281.

  31. 31.

    Lord Simonds in Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium Ltd [1949] AC 398, 407.

  32. 32.

    Cf. van Dam (2013), p. 281, with reference to Keating v Elvan Reinforced Concrete Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 722, concerning the Public Utilities Street Works Act 1950.

  33. 33.

    Council Regulation (EEC) No 1576/89 of 29 May 1989 laying down general rules on the definition, description and presentation of spirit drinks (OJ 1989 L 160, p.1). Cf., now, Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and the protection of geographical indications of spirit drinks and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 1576/89 (OJ 2008 L 39, p. 16).

  34. 34.

    Scotch Whisky Association v. J.D. Vintners Ltd [1997] Eu LR 446, 451.

  35. 35.

    Council Regulation (EEC) No 823/87 of 16 March 1987 laying down special provisions relating to quality wines produced in specified regions (OJ 1987 L 84, p. 59). Cf., now, in particular, Council Regulation (EC) No 479/2008 of 29 April 2008 on the common organisation of the market in wine, amending Regulations (EC) No 1493/1999, (EC) No 1782/2003, (EC) No 1290/2005, (EC) No 3/2008 and repealing Regulations (EEC) No 2392/86 and (EC) No 1493/1999 (OJ 2008 L 148, p. 1).

  36. 36.

    Taittinger v Allbev [1993] 1 CMLR 597, [1993] FSR 641.

  37. 37.

    Taittinger v Allbev [1993] 2 CMLR 741, para 50.

  38. 38.

    Justitsministeriet v Sørensen [2003] UfR 559.

  39. 39.

    van Dam (2013), p. 287, with reference to Deliyannis (1952), p. 78.

  40. 40.

    Cf. van Dam (2013), p. 294, quoting Fabre-Magnan (2010), p. 12.

  41. 41.

    Beljin (2008), p. 106.

  42. 42.

    Cf. Prechal (2008), p. 160.

  43. 43.

    Case C-237/07 Janecek [2008] ECR I-6221, para 42.

  44. 44.

    Cf. Case C-237/07 Janecek [2008] ECR I-6221, paras 25 and 29–32.

  45. 45.

    Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425, para 40.

  46. 46.

    Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425, para 42.

  47. 47.

    Opinion of Advocate General Trstenjak in Case C-445/06 Danske Slagterier [2009] ECR I-2119, para 72.

  48. 48.

    Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 September 2005 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission network (OJ 2015 L 289, p. 1).

  49. 49.

    Case C-510/13 E.ON [2015] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 19 March 2015) (OJ 2015 C 155, p. 4) (EU:C:2015:189), para 46 (my emphasis).

  50. 50.

    Joined Cases C-87, C-88 and C-89/90 Verholen [1991] ECR I-3757.

  51. 51.

    Engstroem (2009), p. 136.

  52. 52.

    Engstroem (2009), p. 136.

  53. 53.

    Engstroem (2009), p. 136.

  54. 54.

    Engstroem (2009), p. 136.

  55. 55.

    Cf. Sects. 11.1.1.4 and 19.2.2.

  56. 56.

    Case C-420/11 Leth [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 March 2013) (OJ 1993 C 141, p. 6) (EU:C:2013:166).

  57. 57.

    Case C-420/11 Leth [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 March 2013) (OJ 1993 C 141, p. 6) (EU:C:2013:166), para 34.

  58. 58.

    Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ 1985 L 175, p. 40), preamble, recital 3. Cf., now, Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (codification) (OJ 2011 L 26, p. 1).

  59. 59.

    Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ 1985 L 175, p. 40), preamble, recital 11. Cf., now, Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (codification) (OJ 2011 L 26, p. 1).

  60. 60.

    Case C-201/02 Wells [2004] ECR I-723.

  61. 61.

    Cf. Sect. 16.3.3.

  62. 62.

    Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (Framework Directive) (OJ 2002 L 108, p. 33).

  63. 63.

    Directive 2002/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications networks and associated facilities (Access Directive) (OJ 2002 L 108, p. 7).

  64. 64.

    Case C-426/05 Tele2 [2008] ECR I-685, para 34.

  65. 65.

    Case C-426/05 Tele2 [2008] ECR I-685, para 32.

  66. 66.

    Case C-55/06 Arcor [2008] ECR I-2931, para 177.

  67. 67.

    Council Directive 90/387/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the establishment of the internal market for telecommunications services through the implementation of open network provision (OJ 1990 L 192, p. 1), as amended by Directive 97/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 October 1997 (OJ 1997 L 295, p. 23). Cf., now, Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (Framework Directive) (OJ 2002 L 108, p. 33).

  68. 68.

    Cf., e.g., Case C-245/01 RTL Television [2003] ECR I-12489, para 97; and Case C-363/01 Flughafen Hannover-Langenhagen [2003] ECR I-11893, paras 50–51.

  69. 69.

    Cf. Case C-363/01 Flughafen Hannover-Langenhagen [2003] ECR I-11893, paras 49 and 57; and Case C-73/07 Satakunnan Markkinapörssi [2008] ECR I-9831, para 58 (in which the French version speaks of travaux préparatoires).

  70. 70.

    Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425.

  71. 71.

    Lord Du Parcq in Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium Ltd [1949] AC 398, 410.

  72. 72.

    J Bollinger SA v Costa Brava Wine Co Ltd (No 3) [1960] Ch. 262; [1959] 3 WLR 966, [1959] 3 All ER 800, at page 287 Ch.

  73. 73.

    Antonio Muñoz y Cia SA v Frumar Ltd [1999] 3 CMLR 684, [1999] FSR 872.

  74. 74.

    Cf. Case C-253/00 Muñoz [2002] ECR I-7289.

  75. 75.

    Lonrho Ltd v Shell Petroleum Co Ltd (No 2) [1982] AC 173, [1981] 3 WLR 33, [1981] 2 All ER 456, cf. Antonio Muñoz y Cia SA v Frumar Ltd [1999] 3 CMLR 684, [1999] FSR 872, para 38.

  76. 76.

    Case 6/60 Humblet [1960] ECR 559.

  77. 77.

    Opinion of Advocate General Cruz Villalón in Case C-558/10 Bourgès-Manoury [2012] (OJ 2012 C 285, p. 5) (EU:C:2012:418), footnote 18.

  78. 78.

    Opinion of Advocate General Kokott in Case C-18/11 Philips Electronics [2012] (OJ 2012 C 331, p. 4) (EU:C:2012:532), para 83.

  79. 79.

    Council Directive 85/511/EEC of 18 November 1985 introducing Community measures for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (OJ 1985 L 315, p. 11), as amended by Council Directive 90/423/EEC of 26 June 1990 (OJ 1990 L 224, p. 13). Cf., now, Council Directive 2003/85/EC of 29 September 2003 on Community measures for the control of foot-and-mouth disease repealing Directive 85/511/EEC and Decisions 89/531/EEC and 91/665/EEC and amending Directive 92/46/EEC (OJ 2003 L 306, p. 1).

  80. 80.

    Joined Cases C-222/05 to 225/05 Van der Weerd [2007] ECR I-4233, para 32.

  81. 81.

    Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425.

  82. 82.

    Cf., e.g., Andenas and Fairgrieve (2000), p. 333.

  83. 83.

    Cf. Opinion of Advocate General Stix-Hackl in Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425, para 97, referring to the 24th Recital in Directive 94/19/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on deposit-guarantee schemes (OJ 1994 L 135, p. 5).

  84. 84.

    Case C-429/05 Max Rampion [2007] ECR I-8017. Cf. Sect. 8.2.1.

  85. 85.

    Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425, para 44.

  86. 86.

    Cf. Tison (2005), p. 670.

  87. 87.

    Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 Francovich [1991] ECR I-5357.

  88. 88.

    Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on markets in financial instruments amending Council Directives 85/611/EEC and 93/6/EEC and Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 93/22/EEC (OJ 2004 L 145, p. 1).

  89. 89.

    Busch (2012).

  90. 90.

    Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on markets in financial instruments amending Council Directives 85/611/EEC and 93/6/EEC and Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 93/22/EEC (OJ 2004 L 145, p. 1).

  91. 91.

    Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU (OJ 2011 L 173, p. 349).

  92. 92.

    Busch (2012), pp. 390–394.

  93. 93.

    Cf. Grundmann (2013), p. 277.

  94. 94.

    Busch (2012), p. 398.

  95. 95.

    Cf., for MiFID II, Chapter II on the operating conditions, Section 2 on the provisions to ensure investor protection.

  96. 96.

    Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Unfair Commercial Practices Directive’) (OJ 2005 L 149, p. 22).

  97. 97.

    Grundmann (2011), p. 796.

  98. 98.

    Draft Commission Directive implementing Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards record-keeping obligations for investment firms, transaction reporting, market transparency, admission of financial instruments to trading, and defined terms for the purposes of that Directive. Background note (http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/securities/docs/isd/dir-2004-39-implement/dir-backgroundnote_en.pdf) Sect. 2.2.

  99. 99.

    Draft Commission Directive implementing Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards record-keeping obligations for investment firms, transaction reporting, market transparency, admission of financial instruments to trading, and defined terms for the purposes of that Directive. Background note (http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/securities/docs/isd/dir-2004-39-implement/dir-backgroundnote_en.pdf) Sect. 7.1.

  100. 100.

    Case C-604/11 Bankinter [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 30 May 2013) (OJ 2013 C 225, p. 16) (EU:C:2013:344), para 57.

  101. 101.

    Grundmann (2013), p. 276.

  102. 102.

    Cf. Grundmann (2013), p. 277.

  103. 103.

    Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Unfair Commercial Practices Directive’) (OJ 2005 L 149, p. 22), preamble, recital 7.

  104. 104.

    Case C-453/10 Pereničová [2012] (OJ 2012 C 133, p. 7) (EU:C:2012:144). Cf. Sect. 11.1.3.3.

  105. 105.

    Mak (2014), p. 257; with reference to Micklitz and Reich (2012), p. 253.

  106. 106.

    Cf. Opinion of Advocate General Wahl in Case C-388/13 UPC Magyarország [2015] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 April 2015) (EU:C:2015:225), para 32.

  107. 107.

    von Bar and Clive (2009), p. 3148.

  108. 108.

    Case 199/82 San Giorgio [1983] ECR 3595.

  109. 109.

    Case 199/82 San Giorgio [1983] ECR 3595, para 12.

  110. 110.

    Case C-94/10 Danfoss [2011] ECR I-9963.

  111. 111.

    Opinion of Advocate General Kokott in Case C-94/10 Danfoss [2011] ECR I-9963, para 37.

  112. 112.

    Opinion of Advocate General Kokott in Case C-94/10 Danfoss [2011] ECR I-9963, paras 33–36.

  113. 113.

    Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425.

  114. 114.

    Rebhahn (2008), p. 193.

  115. 115.

    Cf. Jacobs (2004), p. 308.

  116. 116.

    Nazzini (2009), p. 417.

  117. 117.

    Cf. Prechal (2008), p. 156.

  118. 118.

    Malferrari (1999), p. 813.

  119. 119.

    Malferrari (1999), p. 813.

  120. 120.

    Calliess and Ruffert (2011), comment to Article 288 TFEU, para 45.

  121. 121.

    Cf., e.g., Ward (2007), p. 202.

  122. 122.

    Boch (2000), p. 37.

  123. 123.

    Cf. Sect. 11.1.1.1.

  124. 124.

    Cf., e.g., Jochum (2004), p. 393.

  125. 125.

    Case C-226/97 Lemmens [1998] ECR I-3711.

  126. 126.

    Opinion of Advocate General Fennelly in Case C-226/97 Lemmens [1998] ECR I-3711, para 33.

  127. 127.

    Case C-226/97 Lemmens [1998] ECR I-3711, para 36.

  128. 128.

    Cf. Sect. 18.3.

  129. 129.

    Cf. Dougan (2010), p. 92.

  130. 130.

    Case C-253/00 Muñoz [2002] ECR I-7289, para 31.

  131. 131.

    Regulation (EEC) No 1035/72 of the Council of 18 May 1972 on the common organization of the market in fruit and vegetables (OJ 1972 L 118, p. 1) and Council Regulation (EC) No 2200/96 of 28 October 1996 on the common organization of the market in fruit and vegetables (OJ 1996 L 297, p. 1). Cf., now, Council Regulation (EC) No 361/2008 of 14 April 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 establishing a common organisation of agricultural markets and on specific provisions for certain agricultural products (Single CMO Regulation) (OJ 2008 L 121, p. 1).

  132. 132.

    Case C-453/99 Courage v Crehan [2001] ECR I-6297, paras 26–27; cf., also, Joined Cases C-295 to C-298/04 Manfredi [2006] ECR I-6619, para 60.

  133. 133.

    Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (codification) (OJ 2011 L 26, p. 1), cf., previously, Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ 1985 L 175, p. 40).

  134. 134.

    Opinion of Advocate General Kokott in Case C-420/11 Leth [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 March 2013) (OJ 1993 C 141, p. 6) (EU:C:2013:166), para 39.

  135. 135.

    Opinion of Advocate General Kokott in Case C-420/11 Leth [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 March 2013) (OJ 1993 C 141, p. 6) (EU:C:2013:166), para 33.

  136. 136.

    David (1980), p. 155.

  137. 137.

    Case 238/78 Ireks-Arkady [1979] ECR I-2955, para 11; Joined Cases 241, 242 and 245 to 250/78 DGV [1979] ECR 3017, para 11; Case 261/78 Interquell Staerke-Chemie [1979] ECR 3045, para 14; and Joined Cases 64 and 113/76, 167 and 239/78, 27, 28 and 45/79 P. Dumortier frères [1979] ECR 3091, para 11. Cf., also, e.g., Deards (1996), p. 68.

  138. 138.

    Cf., e.g., Case 238/78 Ireks-Arkady [1979] ECR I-2955, para 11.

  139. 139.

    Rebhahn (2008), p. 207.

  140. 140.

    Opinion of Advocate General Stix-Hackl in Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425, para 96.

  141. 141.

    Joined Cases C-178, C-179, C-188, C-189 and C-190/94 Dillenkofer [1996] ECR I-4845.

  142. 142.

    Case C-222/02 Peter Paul [2004] ECR I-9425.

  143. 143.

    Cf. Antonio Muñoz y Cia SA v Frumar Ltd [1999] 3 CMLR 684, [1999] FSR 872, para 59.

  144. 144.

    Joined Cases C-453/03, C-11/04, C-12/04 and C-194/04 ABNA [2005] ECR I-10423.

  145. 145.

    Prechal (2005), p. 285.

  146. 146.

    Commission Communication concerning the non-respect of certain provisions of Council Directive 83/189/EEC (OJ 1986 OJ C 245, p.4). Cf., now, Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ 1998 L 204, p. 37).

  147. 147.

    Case C-194/94 CIA Security [1996] ECR I-2201.

  148. 148.

    Council Directive 83/189/EEC of 28 March 1983 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ 1983 L 109, p. 8), as amended by Council Directive 88/182/EEC of 22 March 1988 (OJ 1988 L 81, p. 75). Cf., now, Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ 1998 L 204, p. 37).

  149. 149.

    Case 380/87 Enichem Base [1989] ECR 2491.

  150. 150.

    Council Directive 75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 on waste (OJ 1975 L 194, p. 39).

  151. 151.

    Case C-194/94 CIA Security [1996] ECR I-2201, para 49.

  152. 152.

    Case C-226/97 Lemmens [1998] ECR I-3711.

  153. 153.

    Case C-443/98 Unilever [2000] ECR I-7535.

  154. 154.

    Cf. Schepel (2004), p. 671.

  155. 155.

    Case C-226/97 Lemmens [1998] ECR I-3711.

  156. 156.

    Case C-226/97 Lemmens [1998] ECR I-3711, para 35.

  157. 157.

    Cf., e.g., Prechal (2008), p. 171 and footnotes 75 and 76.

  158. 158.

    Case C-443/98 Unilever [2000] ECR I-7535.

  159. 159.

    Council Directive 83/189/EEC of 28 March 1983 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ 1983 L 109, p. 8), as amended by Directive 94/10/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 March 1994 materially amending for the second time Directive 83/189/EEC (OJ 1994 L 100, p. 30). Cf., now, Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ 1998 L 204, p. 37).

  160. 160.

    Council Directive 83/189/EEC of 28 March 1983 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ 1983 L 109, p. 8), as amended by Directive 94/10/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 March 1994 materially amending for the second time Directive 83/189/EEC (OJ 1994 L 100, p. 30) Article 9. Cf., now, Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ 1998 L 204, p. 37).

  161. 161.

    Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs in Case C-443/98 Unilever [2000] ECR I-7535, para 86.

  162. 162.

    Case C-443/98 Unilever [2000] ECR I-7535, para 51.

  163. 163.

    Weatherill (2000), p. 183.

  164. 164.

    Case C-159/00 Sapod Audic [2002] ECR I-5031.

  165. 165.

    Case C-301/87 France v Commission [1990] ECR I-307, paras 9–24.

  166. 166.

    Case C-142/87 Belgium v Commission [1990] ECR I-959, paras 15–20.

  167. 167.

    Case C-354/90 Fédération Nationale du Commerce Extérieur des Produits Alimentaires and Others v France [1991] ECR I-5505, para 14.

  168. 168.

    Joined Cases C-261/01 and C-262/01 Van Calster and Cleeren [2003] ECR I-12249, para 53.

  169. 169.

    Case C-199/06 CELF [2008] ECR I-469, para 38.

  170. 170.

    Case C-368/04 Transalpine Ölleitung [2006] ECR I-9957, para 41.

  171. 171.

    Case C-368/04 Transalpine Ölleitung [2006] ECR I-9957, para 38.

  172. 172.

    Cf., also, Commission notice on the enforcement of State aid law by national courts (OJ 2009 C 85, p. 1); and, e.g., Case C-275/10 Residex [2011] ECR I-13043, para 27.

  173. 173.

    Case C-174/02 Streekgewest Westelijk Noord-Brabant [2005] ECR I-85, para 19.

  174. 174.

    Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (codification) (OJ 2011 L 26, p. 1). Cf., previously, Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ 1985 L 175, p. 40).

  175. 175.

    Case C-201/02 Wells [2004] ECR I-723, para 61.

  176. 176.

    Case C-420/11 Leth [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 March 2013) (OJ 1993 C 141, p. 6) (EU:C:2013:166), para 32.

  177. 177.

    Case C-420/11 Leth [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 March 2013) (OJ 1993 C 141, p. 6) (EU:C:2013:166), para 46.

  178. 178.

    Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty (OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1).

  179. 179.

    Cf. Case C-441/07 P Alrosa [2010] ECR I-5949, paras 46–50.

  180. 180.

    Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union (OJ 2014 L 349, p. 1), Article 3.

  181. 181.

    Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union (OJ 2014 L 349, p. 1), Article 9.

  182. 182.

    White paper on modernisation of the rules implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the EC Treaty [1999] OJ C 132/1, para 90.

  183. 183.

    Proposal for a Council Regulation on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty and amending Regulations (EEC) No 1017/68, (EEC) No 2988/74, (EEC) No 4056/86 and (EEC) No 3975/87 (“Regulation implementing Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty”) (COM(2000) 582 final) (OJ 2000 C 365 E 28, p. 284).

  184. 184.

    Commission Notice on the co-operation between the Commission and the Courts of the EU Member States in the Application of Articles 81 and 82 EC (OJ 2004 C 101, p. 54), para 7.

  185. 185.

    Cf. The European Commission, Competition policy brief, Issue 3, March (2014) 4.

  186. 186.

    Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (Framework Directive) (OJ 2002 L 108, p. 33). Cf., previously, Council Directive 90/387/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the establishment of the internal market for telecommunications services through the implementation of open network provision (OJ 1990 L 192, p. 1), as amended by Directive 97/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 October 1997 (OJ 1997 L 295, p. 23).

  187. 187.

    Council Directive 90/387/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the establishment of the internal market for telecommunications services through the implementation of open network provision (OJ 1990 L 192, p. 1), as amended by Directive 97/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 October 1997 (OJ 1997 L 295, p. 23).

  188. 188.

    Case C-462/99 Connect Austria [2003] ECR I-5197.

  189. 189.

    Case C-440/07 P Schneider Electric [2009] ECR I-6413.

  190. 190.

    Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (OJ 1989 L 395, p. 1 and corrigendum OJ 1990 L 257, p. 13), as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 1310/97 of 30 June 1997 (OJ 1997 L 180, p. 1).

  191. 191.

    Case C-440/07 P Schneider Electric [2009] ECR I-6413, para 162.

  192. 192.

    Cf., e.g., Opinion of Advocate General Kokott in Case C-420/11 Leth [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 March 2013) (OJ 1993 C 141, p. 6) (EU:C:2013:166), para 44; with references to Case 106/81 Kind v EEC [1982] ECR 2885, para 14; and Case C-119/88 AERPO and Others v Commission [1990] ECR I-2189, para 20.

  193. 193.

    Commission Regulation No 1687/76 of 30 June 1976 laying down common detailed rules for verifying the use and/or destination of products from intervention (OJ 1976 L 190, p. 1), as amended by Commission Regulation (EEC) No 45/84 of 6 January 1984 (OJ 1984 L 7, p. 5). Cf., now, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1130/2009 of 24 November 2009 laying down common detailed rules for verifying the use and/or destination of products from intervention (OJ 2009 L 310, p. 5).

  194. 194.

    Cf. Council Regulation (EEC) No 754/76 of 25 March 1976 on the customs treatment applicable to goods returned to the customs territory of the Community (OJ 1976 L 89, p. 1). Cf., now, Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code (OJ 2013 L 269, p. 1).

  195. 195.

    Case 22/88 Vreugdenhil [1989] ECR 2049.

  196. 196.

    Case C-282/90 Vreugdenhil [1992] ECR I-1937.

  197. 197.

    Case C-282/90 Vreugdenhil [1992] ECR I-1937, para 20.

  198. 198.

    Case C-282/90 Vreugdenhil [1992] ECR I-1937, para 22.

  199. 199.

    Jacqué (2004), p. 385.

  200. 200.

    Case 9/56 Meroni [1957–1958] ECR 133.

  201. 201.

    Case 25/70 Köster [1970] ECR 1161.

  202. 202.

    Joined Cases 138 and 139/79 Roquette Frères [1980] ECR 3333.

  203. 203.

    Case 149/85 Wybot [1986] ECR 2391.

  204. 204.

    Cf., e.g., Opinion of Advocate General Bot in Case C-221/10 P Artegodan [2012] (OJ 2012 C 165, p. 3) (EU:C:2012:216), para 41.

  205. 205.

    Second Council Directive 75/319/EEC of 20 May 1975 on the approximation of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action relating to medicinal products (OJ 1975 L 147, p. 13), as amended by Council Directive 93/39/EEC of 14 June 1993 amending Directives 65/65/EEC, 75/318/EEC and 75/319/EEC in respect of medicinal products (OJ 1993 L 214, p. 22). Cf., now, Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use (OJ 2001 L 311, p. 67).

  206. 206.

    Case C-39/03 P Commission v Artegodan and Others [2003] ECR I-7885.

  207. 207.

    Case T-429/05 Artegodan v Commission [2010] ECR II-491, para 75.

  208. 208.

    Opinion of Advocate General Bot in Case C-221/10 P Artegodan [2012] (OJ 2012 C 165, p. 3) (EU:C:2012:216), para 43.

  209. 209.

    Case C-221/10 P Artegodan [2012] (OJ 2012 C 165, p. 3) (EU:C:2012:216), para 82.

  210. 210.

    Cf. Opinion of Advocate General Kokott in Case C-420/11 Leth [2013] ECR I-nyr (ECJ 14 March 2013) (OJ 1993 C 141, p. 6) (EU:C:2013:166), para 46.

  211. 211.

    Cf., in this direction, also, Machnikovski (2014), p. 103.

  212. 212.

    Case T-271/04 Citymo [2007] ECR II-1375.

  213. 213.

    Case T-271/04 Citymo [2007] ECR II-1375, para 86.

  214. 214.

    Case T-271/04 Citymo [2007] ECR II-1375, para 100.

  215. 215.

    Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 of 25 June 2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of the European Communities (OJ 2002 L 248, p. 1). Cf., now, Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union and repealing Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 (OJ 2012 L 298, p. 1).

  216. 216.

    Case T-271/04 Citymo [2007] ECR II-1375, para 100.

  217. 217.

    Case T-271/04 Citymo [2007] ECR II-1375, para 101.

  218. 218.

    Case T-271/04 Citymo [2007] ECR II-1375, para 105.

  219. 219.

    Case T-369/03 Arizona Chemical and Others v Commission [2005] ECR II-5839.

  220. 220.

    Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (OJ English Special Edition 1967, p. 234). Cf., now, Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (OJ 2008 L 353, p. 1).

  221. 221.

    Case T-369/03 Arizona Chemical and Others v Commission [2005] ECR II-5839, para 88.

  222. 222.

    Case T-369/03 Arizona Chemical and Others v Commission [2005] ECR II-5839, para 88.

  223. 223.

    Case T-271/04 Citymo [2007] ECR II-1375, para 107.

  224. 224.

    Case C-470/03 AGM-COSMET [2007] ECR 1–2749.

  225. 225.

    Directive 98/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to machinery (OJ 1998 L 207, p. 1). Cf., now, Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast) (OJ 2006 L 157, p. 24).

  226. 226.

    Case C-470/03 AGM-COSMET [2007] ECR 1–2749, para 79.

  227. 227.

    Cf. Case C-470/03 AGM-COSMET [2007] ECR 1–2749, para 53.

  228. 228.

    Reich (2008), pp. 98–99.

  229. 229.

    Opinion of Advocate General Léger in Case C-224/01 Köbler [2003] ECR I-10239, para 148.

  230. 230.

    Opinion of Advocate General Léger in Case C-224/01 Köbler [2003] ECR I-10239, para 151.

  231. 231.

    KT v Norway App No 26664/03 (2009) 49 EHRR 4, para 83.

  232. 232.

    KT v Norway App No 26664/03 (2009) 49 EHRR 4, para 83.

  233. 233.

    Case C-224/01 Köbler [2003] ECR I-10239, para 102.

References

  • Andenas M, Fairgrieve D (2000) To supervise or to compensate? A comparative study of state liability for negligent banking supervision. In: Andenas M, Fairgrieve D (eds) Liber Amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley: judicial review in international perspective. Kluwer Law International, The Hague/London/Boston, pp 333–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Beljin S (2008) Rights in EU law. In: Prechal S, van Roermund B (eds) The coherence of EU law, the search for unity in divergent concepts. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 91–122

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boch C (2000) The Iroquois at the Kirchberg; or, some Naïve remarks on the status and relevance of direct effect. In: Usher JA (ed) The state of the European Union. Structure, enlargement and economic union. Pearson Education/Longman, London, pp 21–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Busch D (2012) Why MiFID matters to private law – the example of MiFID’s impact on an asset manager’s civil liability. CMLJ 7:386–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Calliess C, Ruffert M (eds) (2011) EUV/AEUV Kommentar, 4. Aufl. Beck, München

    Google Scholar 

  • David R (1980) English law and French law, a comparison in substance. Carswell/University of Calcutta, Calcutta

    Google Scholar 

  • Deards E (1996) Member state liability in the Court of Justice: the U.K. loses again. NL Rev 5:65–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Deliyannis J (1952) La notion d’acte illicite. Considéré en sa qualité d’élément de la faute délictuelle. Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougan M (2010) Who exactly benefits from the treaties? The Murky interaction between union and national competence over the capacity to enforce EU law. CYELS 12:73–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Engstroem J (2009) The Europeanisation of remedies and procedures through judge-made law: can a Trojan horse achieve effectiveness? Experiences of the Swedish Judiciary. Dissertation, European University Institute, Florence

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabre-Magnan M (2010) Responsabilité civile et quasi-contrats, 2nd edn. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Glavanovits G, Eliantonio M (2011) EU law and access to court: the experience of Austria in the telecommunications sector. EPL 17:51–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundmann S (2011) European law and principles on commercial and investment banking contracts, an advanced area of codification. In: Hartkamp AS et al (eds) Towards a European civil code, 4th edn. Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn, pp 787–817

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundmann S (2013) The Bankinter case on MIFID regulation and contract law. EContrL Rev 9:267–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Hölscheidt S (2001) Abschied vom subjektiv-öffentlichen Recht? Zu Wandlungen der Verwaltungsrechtsdogmatik unter dem Einfluss des Gemeinschaftsrechts. EuR 36:376–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs FG (2004) The evolution of the European legal order. CML Rev 41:303–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacqué J-P (2004) The principle of institutional balance. CML Rev 41:383–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Jochum H (2004) Verwaltungsverfahrensrecht und Verwaltungsprozeβrecht. Jus Publicum 116. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

    Google Scholar 

  • Machnikovski P (2014) Sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals. JETL 5:98–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Mak C (2014) Rights and remedies: Article 47 EUCFR and effective judicial protection in European private law matters. In: Micklitz HW (ed) The constitutionalization of European private law. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 236–258

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Malferrari L (1999) State liability for violation of EC law in Italy: the reaction of the Corte di Cassazione to Francovich and future prospects in light of its decision of July 22, 1999, No. 500. ZaöRV 59:809–838

    Google Scholar 

  • Micklitz HW, Reich N (2012) AGB-Recht und UWG – (endlich) ein Ende des Kästchendenkens nach Pereničova und Invitel? EWS 23:257–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazzini R (2009) Potency and the act of the principle of effectiveness: the development of competition law remedies and procedures in community law. In: Odudu O, Barnard C (eds) The outer limits of European Union law. Hart Publishing, Oxford, pp 401–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Prechal S (2005) Directives in EC law. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Prechal S (2008) Protection of rights: how far? In: Prechal S, van Roermund B (eds) The coherence of EU law, the search for unity in divergent concepts. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 155–182

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rebhahn R (2008) Non-contractual liability in damages of member states for breach of community law. In: Koziol H, Schulze R (eds) Tort law of the European community. 23 Tort and insurance law. Springer, Wien/New York, pp 179–211

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reich N (2008) AGM-COS.MET, or: who is protected by EC safety regulation? EL Rev 33:85–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosas A (2014) Balancing fundamental rights in EU law. CYELS 16:347–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Säuberlich U (2005) Die auβervertragliche Haftung im Gemeinschaftsrecht. Eine Untersuchung der Mehrpersonenverhältnisse. Max Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht 183. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Schepel H (2004) The enforcement of EC law in contractual relations: case studies in how not to ‘constitutionalize’ private law. ERPL 12:661–673

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoch F (1999) Individualrechtsschutz im deutschen Umweltrecht unter dem Einfluβ des Gemeinschaftsrecht. NVwZ 5:457–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Tison M (2005) Do not attack the watchdog! Banking supervisor’s liability after Peter Paul. CML Rev 42:639–675

    Google Scholar 

  • van Dam C (2013) European tort law, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • von Bar C, Clive E (eds) (2009) Principles, definitions and model rules of European private law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Sellier, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward A (2007) Individual rights and private party judicial review in the EU, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ward A (2012) Damages under the EU charter of fundamental rights. ERA Forum 12:589–611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherill S (2000) Breach of directives and breach of contract. EL Rev 26:177–186

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Private Law, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Bjarte Thorson

Authors
  1. Bjarte Thorson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thorson, B. (2016). Determination of Individual Rights. In: Individual Rights in EU Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32771-6_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32771-6_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32770-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32771-6

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation