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The Hydrogen Model

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How Green are Electric or Hydrogen-Powered Cars?

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Abstract

About two-thirds of the primary energy today is used directly for transportation or as heating fuels J.M. Ogden, Prospects for building a hydrogen energy infrastructure. Ann. Rev. Energy Environ. 24(1), 227–279 (1999).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ccs/.

  2. 2.

    Methane molar fraction in imported Natural Gas in Spain typically approaches 90 %, but it depends on the origin [5].

  3. 3.

    A rich combustion is an oxidation process where the fuel/air ratio is higher than 1, that is, there is less air (or oxygen) in the environment than the necessary to achieve a complete oxidation of the fuel.

  4. 4.

    The Lower Heating Value (LHV) is the heat released by a determined compound after a combustion process, without accounting for the heat absorbed by the water during its vaporization (latent heat of vaporization).

  5. 5.

    The balance between the downward in electricity demand by the electrolyser at 1000 \(^\circ \)C and the heat required for heating water to this temperature, is positive. It represents an energy saving with respect to electrolysis at 100 \(^\circ \)C.

  6. 6.

    Located in Sevilla, Zaragoza, Huesca and Albacete. The map of operative, nonoperative, and planned hydrogen stations can be found at http://www.netinform.net/H2/H2Stations/Default.aspx.

  7. 7.

    The word powertrain refers to the group of elements in a vehicle that transforms the energy contained in the fuel into useful power and delivers it to the surroundings. Powertrain includes the engine, transmission, drive shafts, differentials and wheels.

  8. 8.

    CO\(_2\) and other pollutants, depending on the fuel. See Sect. 3.1.3.

  9. 9.

    This number slightly differs from the 51 TWh mentioned in Chap. 2. This is because it was computed with slightly different fuel consumption statistics for diesel and gasoline cars.

  10. 10.

    Environmental Protection Agency, see http://www3.epa.gov/otaq/sftp.htm.

  11. 11.

    Pathways, assumptions, and procedure can be found at https://greet.es.anl.gov/.

  12. 12.

    Setting up a pipeline grid is a slow and expensive process.

  13. 13.

    This is only an assumption. During its performance, every process consumes a certain amount of energy that is not related to the raw material used as input of the process. See model simplifications at the beginning of the section.

  14. 14.

    The most efficient configuration would be based on hydrogen production from fossil fuels in the same place where hydrogen is consumed. This is not always possible and can incur in unacceptably high GHG emissions in the long run.

  15. 15.

    See http://solargis.info/doc/free-solar-radiation-maps-GHI.

  16. 16.

    Solar panels usually cannot cover the totality of the surface where they are located.

  17. 17.

    Note that Spain surface is 504,645 km\(^2\), but 300,422 km\(^2\) are already occupied by land exploitations [35].

  18. 18.

    The peak of world gas production is forecasted around 2020. That of coal, around 2050 [36].

  19. 19.

    CO\(_2\) emissions during the hydrogen generation may be lower than the CO\(_2\) absorbed by the plant during its growth.

  20. 20.

    Maximum potential about 60 TWh ([37], p. 462).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain

    Jesús Montoya Sánchez de Pablo & María Miravalles López

  2. ETSI Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain

    Antoine Bret

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Correspondence to Jesús Montoya Sánchez de Pablo .

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Montoya Sánchez de Pablo, J., Miravalles López, M., Bret, A. (2016). The Hydrogen Model. In: How Green are Electric or Hydrogen-Powered Cars?. SpringerBriefs in Energy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32434-0_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32434-0_3

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