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Epigenetic Alterations in Stomach Cancer: Implications for Diet and Nutrition

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Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics

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Abstract

Cancer is a malignant disease that involves a combination of genetic and epigenetic events along with external risk factors. Regarding stomach cancer, the risk factors include infections by Helicobacter pylori and by Epstein-Barr virus besides lifestyle habits, such as tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and high salt and low fruit and vegetable intakes. The stomach is one of the most predisposed organs to suffer aberrant epigenetic marks. Described alterations in stomach cancer comprise DNA methylation, histone marks, microRNA, and even enzymes involved in the epigenetic mechanisms. The relationship between cancer and diet is long established, and some nutrients can have a direct impact in the epigenetic of a cell, promoting or preventing gastric carcinogenesis. Intake of methionine, folate, polyphenols, alcohol, antioxidants such as curcumin and cranberries, and salty food has been shown to have an influence on the stomach tissue.

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Abbreviations

ARID1A :

AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A

BMP8B :

Bone morphogenetic protein 8B

Cdc2:

Cell division cycle protein 2 homolog

CDH1 :

E-cadherin

CDKN2A :

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A

CDX2 :

Caudal type homeobox 2

CpG:

5′- Citosine-phosphate-guanine-3′

DIM:

3,3′-Diindolylmethane

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNMT:

DNA methyltransferase

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

FLNC :

Filamin-2

HAND1 :

Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 1

HAT:

Histone acetyltransferases

HDAC:

Histone deacetylases

HDGC:

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer

HMT:

Histone methyltransferase

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

K:

Lysine

MeCP2:

Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2

miRNA:

Micro-ribonucleic acid

MLH1 :

MutL homolog 1

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NO:

Nitric oxide

oncomiR:

Oncogenic miRNA

p53:

Protein P53

PTEN :

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

R:

Arginine

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RUNX3 :

Runt-related transcription factor 3

SAH:

S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine

SAM:

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine

SIRT1:

Sirtuin 1

TFF2 :

Trefoil factor 2

TREX1 :

Three prime repair exonuclease 1

TSA:

Trichostatin A

tsmiR:

Tumor suppressor miRNA

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740 – Edifício Leitão da Cunha 1° floor, 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Carolina Oliveira Gigek Ph. D., Elizabeth Suchi Chen Ph. D., Assistant Professor & Marilia Arruda Cardoso Smith Ph. D., Full Professor

  2. Division of Surgical Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740 – Edifício Leitão da Cunha 1° floor, 04023-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Carolina Oliveira Gigek Ph. D.

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  1. Carolina Oliveira Gigek Ph. D.
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  2. Elizabeth Suchi Chen Ph. D., Assistant Professor
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  3. Marilia Arruda Cardoso Smith Ph. D., Full Professor
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Correspondence to Carolina Oliveira Gigek Ph. D. .

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    Vinood Patel

  2. Kings College , London, United Kingdom

    Victor Preedy

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Gigek, C.O., Chen, E.S., Smith, M.A.C. (2017). Epigenetic Alterations in Stomach Cancer: Implications for Diet and Nutrition. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31143-2_29-1

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