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The Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Mechanistic Concepts and Catalyst Design

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Photoelectrochemical Solar Fuel Production

Abstract

Fundamental aspects of the oxygen evolution reaction mediated by metal oxide catalysts are presented. The oxygen evolution reaction is a critical bottleneck in the generation of hydrogen as a renewable fuel via water-splitting. Accordingly, understanding and optimising the oxygen evolution reaction is a major challenge for renewable energy research. In this chapter, key mechanistic concepts are discussed from the perspective of traditional electrochemical kinetics and modern computational methods. The application of a suite of electrochemical techniques forms the basis of a valuable kinetic and mechanistic study of the oxygen evolution reaction and theoretical calculations provide a thermodynamic basis for understanding the electrochemical activity of oxide materials. Building on this fundamental knowledge, oxygen evolution catalyst design is considered in terms of single-parameter activity descriptors and more sophisticated strategies for catalytic enhancement. Taken together, these approaches provide important insight into the requirements for efficient oxygen evolution catalysis. Ultimately, knowledge of the structural and chemical features of the active site is essential for oxygen evolution catalyst design. This chapter concludes with a molecular level consideration of the nature of the active site at metal oxide catalysts, presenting a possible unifying concept in oxygen evolution catalysis which seeks to bridge the field of heterogeneous electrocatalysis with homogeneous molecular catalysis, and relate more general ideas in catalysis to electrochemical studies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Traditionally Tafel plots were recorded using Galvanostatic methods where the current was controlled and the potential was measured, as described by Eq. (2.9). In this way, the Tafel slope could be obtained directly from the experimental plots, hence the convention of reporting the Tafel slope in the form of Eq. (2.10). However, due to the ease with which the potential can be controlled using modern potentiostats, Tafel plots are now routinely recorded in the form of Eq. (2.8) and the corresponding Tafel slope is obtained from the inverse slope of the experimental plot.

  2. 2.

    Self-discharge is assumed to proceed by an electrochemical mechanism analogous to that of corrosion. That is, the simultaneous occurrence of anodic and cathodic reactions as a mixed potential via a local cell mechanism. In the present case, self-discharge consists of a cathodic oxide or surfaquo group reduction process and an anodic oxygen evolution process.

  3. 3.

    Applying this check to the low Tafel slope data in Fig. 2.4 gives m x,i  = −(0.058)(1.01) = −0.059, in agreement with the slope of −0.057 obtained for a plot of V measured at 1.0 mA cm−2 versus \( \log\ {a}_{{\mathrm{OH}}^{-}} \).

    Fig. 2.4
    figure 4

    Steady-state polarisation curves recorded for a hydrous iron oxide catalyst film in a series of aqueous NaOH solutions of varying concentrations. The Tafel regions are indicated by the triangular features. Reaction order plots generated at fixed potentials in the low and high Tafel regions are shown in the inset. Adapted from Doyle and Lyons (2013)

    Full size image
  4. 4.

    The significance of this reference potential is beyond the scope of this discussion but interested readers are directed to Busch et al. (2011a, 2011b) for more details.

  5. 5.

    IS and CV studies can provide a useful qualitative and quantitative characterisation of the charge-transport processes in mixed ionic/electronic conductors. The IS analysis of such processes is discussed in detail by Bisquert et al. (2000a, 2000b) and Terezo et al. (2001), whereas the CV characteristics have been comprehensively reviewed by Doyle et al. (2013).

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Acknowledgements

The research described here has emanated in part from projects conducted with the financial support of Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under grant number SFI/10/IN.1/I2969. RLD also wishes to acknowledge the Irish Research Council (IRC) for a Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellowship GOIPD/2014/120.

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  1. Electrochemical Materials and Energy Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland

    Richard L. Doyle

  2. Trinity Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Electrocatalysis Group, School of Chemistry & AMBER National Centre, CRANN Research Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

    Michael E. G. Lyons

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    Juan Bisquert

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Doyle, R.L., Lyons, M.E.G. (2016). The Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Mechanistic Concepts and Catalyst Design. In: Giménez, S., Bisquert, J. (eds) Photoelectrochemical Solar Fuel Production. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29641-8_2

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