Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Juvenile Delinquency and Disability

Part of the book series: Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development ((ARAD))

Abstract

Like most other mental health disorders, anxiety-related disorders have been found to be more common among juvenile offenders than in children and adolescents in the general population. This is particularly true for post-traumatic stress disorder, which is to be expected given that the majority of youth offenders have been exposed to violence, abuse, or trauma at some point during their childhood or adolescence. Over the last decade, research has increasingly demonstrated the high rates of trauma-related histories and symptoms among juvenile delinquency population, and evidence increasingly suggests that it may have a causal relationship with delinquency and need to be treated accordingly in order to help promote long-term success for these youth. This chapter provides background information on generalized anxiety disorder and its presence among the youth offender population, but it focuses on the relationship between trauma-related disorders (i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder) and juvenile delinquency. Diagnostic criteria are provided, as well as implications on functioning and how this may relate to the strong relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and repeat offending. The impact that anxiety-related disorders may have on risk assessment and competency is also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for generalism strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47–87. doi:10.1111/j.17459125.1992.tb01093.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, C. E., Smith, C., Huey, S. J., Jr., McDaniel, D. D., & Babeva, K. (2014). Unrecognized posttraumatic stress disorder as a treatment barrier for a gang-involved juvenile offender. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 23(2), 199–214. doi:10.1080/10926771.2014.872748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, R. P., Crea, T. M., John, K., Thoburn, J., & Quinton, D. (2005). Beyond attachment theory and therapy: Towards sensitive and evidence-based interventions with foster and adoptive families in distress. Child & Family Social Work, 10(4), 257–268. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2005.00380.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, S. P., & Kerig, P. K. (2011). Posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with the frequency and severity of delinquency among detained boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 765–771. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.597091.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 483–486. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 483–524. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, K. (2010). Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders? A call for further investigation and adaptation of youth services. Children Youth Services Review, 32(2), 466–473. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.10.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertram, R. M., & Dartt, J. L. (2009). Post traumatic stress disorder: A diagnosis for youth from violent, impoverished communities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18(3), 294–302. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9229-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bremner, J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: Effects on the brain. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(4), 445–461.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748–766. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner, J. D., Lopez, C., Dunkel, S., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Behavior management training for the treatment of reactive attachment disorder. Child Maltreatment, 13, 289–297.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P., Voisin, D. R., & Jacobson, K. C. (2013). Community violence exposure and adolescent delinquency: Examining a spectrum of promotive factors. Youth & Society. doi:10.1177/0044118X13475827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2013). Trauma-focused CBT for children and adolescents: Treatment applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J. R. (2007). Reactive attachment disorder: A biopsychosocial disturbance of attachment. Child Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24(6), 539–552. doi:10.1007/s10560-007-0105-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bellis, M. D., Hooper, S. R., Woolley, D. P., & Shenk, C. E. (2009). Demographic, maltreatment, and neurobiological correlates of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(5), 570–577. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Delaney-Black V., Covington C., Ondersma S.J., Nordstrom-Klee, B., Templin, T., Ager, J., … & Sokol, R.J. (2002). Violence exposure, trauma, and IQ and/or reading deficits among urban children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(3), 280-285. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.3.280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eitle, D., & Turner, R. J. (2002). Exposure to community violence and young adult crime: The effects of witnessing violence, traumatic victimization, and other stressful life events. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39(2), 214–237. doi:10.1177/002242780203900204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1476–1488. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., & Turner, H. (2007). Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(1), 7–26. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., Chapman, J., Connor, D. F., & Cruise, K. R. (2012). Complex trauma and aggression in secure juvenile justice settings. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(6), 694–724. doi:10.1177/0093854812436957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., Chapman, J., Mack, J. M., & Pearson, G. (2006). Pathway from traumatic child victimization to delinquency: Implications for juvenile and permanency court proceedings and decisions. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 57(1), 13–26. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2006.tb00111.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., Hartman, K., Hawke, J., & Chapman, J. F. (2008). Traumatic victimization, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse risk among juvenile justice-involved youth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 1(1), 75–92. doi:10.1080/19361520801934456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gleason, M. M., Fox, N. A., Drury, S., Smyke, A. T., Egger, H. L., Nelson, C. A., … Zeanah, C. H. (2011). The validity of evidence-derived criteria for reactive attachment disorder: Indiscriminately social/disinhibited and emotionally withdrawn/inhibited types. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(3), 216–231. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glowinski, A. L. (2011). Reactive attachment disorder: An evolving entity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(3), 210–212. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govindan, R. J., Behen, M. E., Helder, E., Makki, M. I., & Chugani, H. T. (2009). Altered water diffusivity in cortical association tracts in children with early deprivation identified with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). Cerebral Cortex, 20(3), 561–569. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp122.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S., & Geher, G. (2003). Behavioral and personality characteristics of children with reactive attachment disorder. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 137(2), 145–162. doi:10.1080/00223980309600605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. F., & Spratt, E. G. (2000). Reactive attachment disorder: What we know about the disorder and implications for treatment. Child Maltreatment, 5(2), 137–145. doi:10.1177/1077559500005002005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, A. O., Danielson, C. K., de Arellano, M. A., Hanson, R., Ruggiero, K., Smith, D. W., … Kilpatrick, D. G. (2010). Ethnic/racial differences in the prevalence of injurious spanking and other child physical abuse in a national survey of adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 15(3), 242-249. doi:10.1177/1077559510367938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornor, G. (2008). Reactive attachment disorder. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 22(4), 234–239. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2007.07.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, H. F., & Fruehling, J. J. (2008). Pharmacological approaches with children and adolescents. In R. J. Morris & T. R. Kratochwill (Eds.), The practice of child therapy (4th ed., pp. 207–248). NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, B. T., Thornberry, T. P., & Smith, C. A. (1997). In the wake of childhood maltreatment. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kemph, J. P., & Voeller, K. K. S. (2008). Reactive attachment disorder in adolescence. Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 159–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., Furr, J. M., & Podell, J. L. (2010). Child-focused treatment of anxiety. In J. R. Weisz & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 45–60). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerig, P. K., Moeddel, M. A., & Becker, S. P. (2010). Assessing the sensitivity and specificity of the MAYSI–2 for detecting trauma among youth in juvenile detention. Child and Youth Care Forum, 40(5), 345–362. doi:10.1007/s10566-010-9124-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychiatry, 71(4), 692–700. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kodish, I., Rockhill, C., & Varley, C. (2011). Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues in Clinical Neurosciences, 13, 439–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lake, P. M. (2005). Recognizing reactive attachment disorder. Behavioral Health Management, 25(5), 41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederer, A. (2008). Taming the wild child: From living Hell to living well. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemmon, J. H. (1999). How child maltreatment affects dimensions of juvenile delinquency in a cohort of low-income urban males. Justice Quarterly, 16(2), 357–376. doi:10.1080/07418829900094171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2001). The significant concern of child delinquency. In R. Loweber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Child delinquents: Development, intervention, and service needs (pp. 1–22). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & White, H. R. (1999). Developmental aspects of delinquency and internalizing problems and their association with persistent juvenile substance use between ages 7 and 18. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(3), 322–332. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp280304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, K. A., & Warren, J. S. (2009). Community violence, school-related protective factors, and psychosocial outcomes in urban youth. Psychology in the Schools, 46(10), 1061–1073. doi:10.1002/pits.20444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons-Ruth, K., Bureau, J. F., Riley, C. D., & Atlas-Corbett, A. F. (2009). Socially indiscriminate attachment behavior in the strange situation: Convergent and discriminant validity in relation to caregiving risk, later behavior problems, and attachment insecurity. Development and Psychopathology, 21(2), 355–367. doi:10.1017/s0954579409000376.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas K. R., He J., Burstein M., Swanson S. A., Avenevoli S., Cui L., … Swendsen J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Study-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980-989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, K. C., Goldweber, A., Meyer, K., & Cauffman, E. (2012). Anxiety and antisocial behavior the moderating role of perceptions of social prominence among incarcerated females. Youth & Society, 44(1), 76–94. doi:10.1177/0044118x10396634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monks, C. P., Smith, P. K., Naylor, P., Barter, C., Ireland, J. L., & Coyne, I. (2009). Bullying in different contexts: Commonalities, differences and the role of theory. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(2), 146–156. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2010). Prospective effects of violence exposure across multiple contexts on early adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 51, 953–961. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02222.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Mental Health. (2014). Depression in children and adolescents fact sheet. Bethesda, MD: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson, A. (2009). Identifying, assessing, and treating PTSD at school. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, T. G., Spagnola, M., & Byrne, J. G. (2012). Reactive attachment disorder and severe attachment disturbances. In M. Hersen & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Handbook of evidence-based practice in clinical psychology (Child and adolescent disorders, Vol. 1, pp. 433–454). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, T. G., & Zeanah, C. H. (2003). Attachment disorders: Assessment strategies and treatment approaches. Attachment & Human Development, 5(3), 223–244. doi:10.1080/14616730310001593974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ovaert, L. B., Cashel, M. L., & Sewell, K. W. (2003). Structured group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated male juveniles. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 294–301. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.73.3.294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. S., Morton, T. L., Lingefelt, M. E., & Johnson, K. S. (2005). Predictors of serious and violent offending by adjudicate male adolescents. North American Journal of Psychology, 7, 407–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patchin, J. W., Huebner, B. M., McCluskey, J. D., Varano, S. P., & Bynum, T. S. (2006). Exposure to community violence and childhood delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 52(2), 307–332. doi:10.1177/0011128704267476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patra, B. N., & Sarkar, S. (2013). Adjustment disorder: Current diagnostic status. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35(1), 4–9. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.112193.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pears, K. C., Bruce, J., Fisher, P. A., & Kim, H. (2010). Indiscriminate friendliness in maltreated foster children. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 64–75. doi:10.1177/1077559509337891.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Polak, A. R., Witteveen, A. B., Reitsma, J. B., & Olff, M. (2012). The role of executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(1), 11–21. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reber, K. (1996). Children at risk for reactive attachment disorder: Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. Progress: Family Systems Research and Therapy, 5(3), 83–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, H. J., Vance, J. E., Rosenberg, S. D., Wolford, G. L., Ashley, S. W., & Howard, M. L. (2014). Trauma exposure, psychiatric disorders, and resiliency in juvenile-justice-involved youth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research Practice, and Policy, 6(4), 430–437. doi:10.1037/a0033199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Colvert, E., Kreppner, J., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Groothues C., … Sonuga-Barke, E.J. (2007). Early adolescent outcomes for institutionally-deprived and non-deprived adoptees. I: Disinhibited attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(1), 17–30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01688.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rynn, M. A., Siqueland, L., & Rickels, K. (2001). Placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in the treatment of children with generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 2008–2014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saigh, P. A., Lee, K. S., Ward, A., Westphal, E. L., Wilson, K., & Fairbank, J. A. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: History, risk, and cognitive behavioral treatments. In R. J. Morris & T. R. Kratochwill (Eds.), The practice of child therapy (4th ed., pp. 433–454). NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., & Lauritsen, J. L. (1994). Violent victimization and offending: Individual-, situational-, and community-level risk factors. In A. J. Reiss & J. A. Roth (Eds.), Understanding and preventing violence (Vol. 3). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., Cox, B. J., & Hassard, S. T. (2004). Understanding comorbidity of anxiety disorders with antisocial behavior: Findings from two large community surveys. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(3), 178–186. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000116460.25110.9f.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D., & Proctor, L. J. (2000). Community violence exposure and children’s social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 670. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.68.4.670.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedlak, A., & McPherson, K. S. (2010). Conditions of confinement: Findings from the survey of youth in residential placement. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. doi:10.1037/e553962010-001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharf, A., Kimonis, E. R., & Howard, A. (2014). Negative life events and posttraumatic stress disorder among incarcerated boys with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(3), 401–414. doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9404-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency in urban areas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, M. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012). Variation in neural development as a result of exposure to institutionalization early in childhood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 12927–12932. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200041109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., Pina, A. A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A review and meta-analyses. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 105–130. doi:10.1080/15374410701817907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silvern, L., & Griese, B. (2012). Multiple types of child maltreatment, posttraumatic stress, dissociative symptoms, and reactive aggression among adolescent criminal offenders. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 5(2), 88–101. doi:10.1080/19361521.2012.671799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A., Ireland, T. O., & Thornberry, T. P. (2005). Adolescent maltreatment and its impact on young adult antisocial behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 1099–1119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. K., Leve, L. D., & Chamberlain, P. (2006). Adolescent girls’ offending and health-risking sexual behavior: The predictive role of trauma. Child Maltreatment, 11(4), 346–353. doi:10.1177/1077559506291950.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Guthrie, D. G. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of foster care vs. institutional care for children with signs of reactive attachment disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(5), 508–514. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11050748.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southam-Gerow, M. A., Kendall, P. C., & Weersing, V. R. (2001). Examining outcome variability: Correlates of treatment response in a child and adolescent anxiety clinic. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 422–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stimmel, M. A., Cruise, K. R., Ford, J. D., & Weiss, R. A. (2014). Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology, and aggression in male juvenile offenders. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(2), 184–191. doi:10.1037/a0032509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stryker, R. (2013). Violent children and structural violence: Re-signaling ‘RAD Kids’ to inform the social work professions. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 1182–1188. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.04.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suvak, M. K., & Barrett, L. F. (2011). Considering PTSD from the perspective of brain processes: A psychological construction approach. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 3–24. doi:10.1002/jts.20618.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., McClelland, G. M., Mericle, A. A., Dulcan, M. K., & Washburn, J. J. (2002). Psychiatric disorders of youth in detention. D.C. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention: Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, N. (1997). When love is not enough: A guide to parenting children with RAD. Glenwood Springs, CO: Families by Design Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, N., Thomas, T., & Thomas, B. (2002). Dandelion on my pillow, butcher knife beneath. Glenwood Springs, CO: Families by Design Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S. (1989). Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), 3. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, H. W., Berent, E., Donenberg, G. R., Emerson, E. M., Rodriguez, E. M., & Sandesara, A. (2013). Trauma history and PTSD symptoms in juvenile offenders on probation. Victims & Offenders, 8(4), 465–477. doi:10.1080/15564886.2013.835296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. J., Piacentini, J. C., Southam-Gerow, M., Chu, B. C., & Sigman, M. (2006). Family cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 314–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Den Dries, L., Juffer, F., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Alink, L. R. A. (2012). Infants’ responsiveness, attachment, and indiscriminate friendliness after international adoption from institutions or foster care in China: Application of Emotional Availability Scales to adoptive families. Development and Psychopathology, 24(1), 49–64. doi:10.1017/s0954579411000654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderwert, R. E., Marshall, P. J., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Timing of intervention affects brain electrical activity in children exposed to severe psychosocial neglect. PLoS One, 5(7), 1–5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yun, I., Ball, J. D., & Lim, H. (2011). Disentangling the relationship between child maltreatment and violent delinquency: Using a nationally representative sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1), 88–110. doi:10.1177/0886260510362886.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeanah, C. H., & Gleason, M. M. (2015). Annual research review: Attachment disorders in early childhood—Clinical presentation, causes, correlates, and treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 207–222. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12347.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zeanah, C. H., & Smyke, A. T. (2014). Attachment disorders and severe deprivation. In M. Rutter, D. Bishop, D. Pine, S. Scott, J. Stevenson, E. Taylor, & A. Thapar (Eds.), Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry. London: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA

    Kristin C. Thompson & Richard J. Morris

Authors
  1. Kristin C. Thompson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard J. Morris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thompson, K.C., Morris, R.J. (2016). Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders. In: Juvenile Delinquency and Disability. Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29343-1_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation