Abstract
This chapter covers the preparatory stage in civil litigation in Sweden and Finland. The main attention is devoted to the historical development and recent reforms in civil proceedings that have affected in both countries the forms of preparatory proceedings. It is typical in both countries that at first civil proceedings were oral, immediate and concentrated in the very pure way where practical needs let to fairly quick modifications. The current situation is more flexible and could even be described as a hybrid between written and oral forms. Effectiveness and the wide use of modern technologies are common goals as well, especially in Sweden, whereas court-connected mediation is a current topic in Finland. In both countries, civil proceedings are clearly focused on preparatory proceedings and the main hearing. The main function of preparatory proceedings is to work as a filter between these two stages. As soon as the case matures for decision making, the court has wide possibilities to finish the proceedings and make a binding decision. Only the most complicated or disputed cases that include oral testimony continue to the main hearing.
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Notes
- 1.
Geographically, Finland is usually not included into the Scandinavian countries. The geographical concept Fennoscandia is not suitable either because it includes a part of Russia. Culturally and sociologically Finland, however, belongs into the same group of the Nordic countries and, in this sense, the term East-Scandinavian is sometimes used. “Eastnordic” would be more correct but not well-established as a term. Therefore, Finland and Sweden are referred to with the term “East-Scandinavian”.
- 2.
- 3.
Leppänen (1998), p. 427.
- 4.
Lesknen (2002), pp. 630–631.
- 5.
On current Finnish problems see Chap. 3 in this book.
- 6.
Prop. 2004/05:131.
- 7.
See Chapter 5 § 10 (SCJP).
- 8.
Leppänen (1998), p. 427.
- 9.
The Labour Court is one of the Finnish special courts, and it hears and tries the legal disputes arising out of collective agreements or collective civil servants’ agreements or out of the Collective Agreements Act or the Act on Collective Civil-Servant Agreements. A prerequisite for a matter to fall within the competence of the Labour Court is that the specific question involves the competence, validity, contents or extent of a collective agreement or the correct interpretation of a clause in such an agreement. In addition, cases in which it is questioned whether a course of action is in accordance with the collective agreements or Acts mentioned above fall within the competence of the Labour Court. The Labour Court also imposes the sanctions for a breach of these agreements and Acts. More information on the Labour Court in English is available on the web: http://www.tyotuomioistuin.fi/en/index.html, visited 2015-09-04.
- 10.
Ervo (1995), p. 58.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
Ervasti (2004), p. 507.
- 14.
Leppänen (1998), p. 427.
- 15.
Leppänen (1998), p. 427.
- 16.
HE (1990:15).
- 17.
Ervo (1995), p. 56.
- 18.
Ervo (1995), p. 60.
- 19.
Ervo (1995), p. 61.
- 20.
The term “legal fact” refers to the fact that is immediately relevant to the outcome and is needed to be successful in court. In the other words, parties have to claim and proof the existence of these facts to win the case, for instance, that the debt exists and is due for payment. Parties’ and lawyers’ arguments are based on legal facts.
- 21.
Chapter 6, Section 9 (FCJP).
- 22.
Chapter 5, Section 15c, Paragraph 3 and Chapter 6, Section 3 (FCJP).
- 23.
Ervo (1995), pp. 56–57.
- 24.
Chapter 6 Sections 1, 10, 11, Chapter 24 Section 2 (FCJP), Leppänen (1998), p. 428.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
- 28.
Leppänen (1998), p. 436.
- 29.
- 30.
Ekeberg (2013), p. 175.
- 31.
- 32.
Chapter 42, Section 13 (SCJP), Lindell (2012), p. 290.
- 33.
Chapter 5, Section 10 (SCJP).
- 34.
Lindell (2003), p. 261.
- 35.
Bylander (2005), p. 126.
- 36.
Lagrådsremiss En modernare rättegång II, 13 maj 2015.
- 37.
Chapter 42, Section 10 (SCJP).
- 38.
Bylander (2005), p. 125.
- 39.
Chapter 42, Sections 6 and 16 (SCJP), Ekeberg 2013, p. 172.
- 40.
Chapter 42, Section 16 (SCJP 2016), Lagrådsremiss En modernare rättegång II, 13 maj 2015.
- 41.
- 42.
The wide use of modern technology can have even psychological effects. On the one hand, according to empirical studies, people who had been heard via video link had been found less trustworthy compared with people who were heard in person in the court. On the other hand, the possibility to avoid personal appearance has caused less stress among victims and by that mean resulted to the better outcome what the quality of the narrative is concerned. Landström et al. (2012), p. 197.
- 43.
Bylander (2004), p. 63.
- 44.
SOU 2012:93, del 1, SOU 2012:93, del 2. See also Léven and Wersäll (2011), pp. 30–31 where the authors (who are judges at the court of appeal) see the EMR reform as positive one despite of the fact that the reform was highly criticised before it entered into the force and still is especially among advocates.
- 45.
Ekeberg (2013), p. 175.
- 46.
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.
Leppänen (1998), p. 428.
- 50.
Ervo (2011), pp. 340–344.
- 51.
Ervo (2011), pp. 343–344, HE (78/2000), p. 47.
- 52.
Lundblad (1990), p. 149.
- 53.
Lappalainen (2003), p. 778.
- 54.
Fitger (1993), p. 243, Chapter 5, Section 2 (FCJP), Chapter 42 Sections 1–2 (SCJP).
- 55.
Capter 42, Sections 3, 4. (SCJP)
- 56.
Chapter 42, Section 5 (SCJP).
- 57.
Chapter 42, Section 2–3 (SCJP), Lundblad (1990), p. 150.
- 58.
Lundblad (1990), p. 150.
- 59.
Chapter 42, Section 6 (SCJP).
- 60.
Chapter 42, Sections 8–10 (SCJP).
- 61.
Lindell (2003), p. 260.
- 62.
Chapter 42, Section 15 (SCJP).
- 63.
Fitger (1993), p. 257.
- 64.
There has been a wide discussion both in Sweden and Finland, how wide the substantive procedural guidance can be. See for instance Lappalainen (2003), p. 806. In Sweden, the substantive procedural guidance has become more active during the latest 10–30 years. If the party takes part in procedure without the help of a lawyer, the guidance can compensate the lack to some extent. Brolin et al. (1997), p. 78 and Fitger (1993), p. 247, compare with Brolin et al. (1997), p. 79, where they personally recommend that the lack of an attorney would not to be a reason for more effective substantive procedural guidance. The substantive procedural guidance has also seen as one of the most important tools to make the proceedings effective. Brolin et al. (1997), p. 78.
- 65.
Chapter 42, Section 17 (SCJP).
- 66.
Chapter 42, Section 9 (SCJP).
- 67.
Chapter 42, Section 9 (SCJP).
- 68.
Arg. Lundblad (1990), p. 150.
- 69.
Lindell (2003), p. 259.
- 70.
Chapter 42, Section 16 (SCJP).
- 71.
Lindell (2003), p. 269.
- 72.
Chapter 42, Section 18 (SCJP).
- 73.
Brolin et al. (1997), pp. 141–142.
- 74.
Leppänen (1998), p. 428.
- 75.
Chapter 5, Section 27 a (FCJP).
- 76.
Chapter 5, Section 1 (FCJP) and Ervo (1995), pp. 58–59.
- 77.
Chapter 5, Section 9 (FCJP).
- 78.
Chapter 11 (FCJP).
- 79.
Ervo (1995), p. 59.
- 80.
Chapter 5, Section 9 (FCJP).
- 81.
Chapter 5, Section 15, Paragraph 2 (FCJP).
- 82.
Chapter 5, Section 15a (FCJP).
- 83.
Lappalainen (2002), p. 16.
- 84.
Lappalainen (2003), p. 789.
- 85.
The case has to be extraordinary large and complicated if the more than one oral sessions during preparatory proceedings are needed. Lappalainen (2003), p. 791.
- 86.
Lappalainen (2002), p. 16.
- 87.
Chapter 6, Section 9 (FCJP).
- 88.
Leppänen (1998), p. 429.
- 89.
Earlier the standard of proof was in Chapter 6, Section 9 (FCJP) “probable cause” and since 2003 the new piece of evidence has been allowed according to the same Section if the court “may assume” that he or she had an acceptable excuse.
- 90.
Chapter 6, Section 9, paragraph 2 (FCJP).
- 91.
Lappalainen (2003), p. 801.
- 92.
Lappalainen (2003), pp. 812–817.
- 93.
- 94.
HE (32/2001), pp. 56–58.
- 95.
- 96.
Chapter 5, Section 15b (FCJP).
- 97.
Sippo and Välimaa (2003), pp. 182–185.
- 98.
Chapter 5, Sections 15c, 20, 21 and 26 (FCJP), Ervo (1995), p. 59.
- 99.
Lappalainen (2003), p. 808.
- 100.
Chapter 5, Section 24 (FCJP), Lappalainen (2003), p. 809.
- 101.
HE (32/2001), p. 58.
- 102.
Chapter 5, Section 15d (FCJP).
- 103.
HE (32/2001), p. 44 and Lappalainen (2003), p. 792.
- 104.
Chapter 5, Section 18 (FCJP).
- 105.
See for instance Chapter 5, Section 14 (FCJP), which covers provisions on negotiable promissory notes.
- 106.
Sought by the index term “civil case” that brought 35 cases. Only five concerned the preparatory stage, visited 2015-09-07.
- 107.
KKO 1997:90.
- 108.
KKO 1997:25.
- 109.
KKO 2011:104.
- 110.
KKO 2000:22.
- 111.
KKO 2012:38.
- 112.
As explained earlier, since 2003, in Finland even contentious cases can be resolved in the written preparation if there is no oral testimony and if the parties so agree. However, it is always the court that makes the decision on the fact if the case is suitable to be decided during the preparatory stage after the oral hearing or based on the written preparation but anyways without the main hearing.
- 113.
- 114.
Chapter 5, Sections 13 and 14 (FCJP) and Ervo (2001), p. 123.
- 115.
Chapter 12, Section 10 (FCJP).
- 116.
Chapter 42, Sections 11–12 and Chapter 44, Sections 2, 7b, 7c, 8, 9 and 10 (SCJP).
- 117.
Bylander (2007), p. 518.
- 118.
- 119.
- 120.
Chapter 5, Section 22 (FCJP), Chapter 42 Section 22 (SCJP), Leppänen (1998), p. 435.
- 121.
See Nylund in this book, Sect. 3.10.2.
- 122.
- 123.
Chapter 21, Sections 5, 6 (FCJP), Leppänen (1998), p. 435.
- 124.
Chapter 21, Section 1 (FCJP).
- 125.
Chapter 18 (SCJP).
- 126.
Lesknen (2002), pp. 632, 638–641, Autio (2014b), pp. 227–228 and Saarensola (2014), p. 246. Due to the economic crisis, the amount of debt cases became much higher from 2005 until 2010; the latter was again a more normal year but, in 2011, the amount was again increasing whereas in 2013 there were only about 2000 new debt cases more than in 2012. In 2013, 68 % of civil cases were debt cases and district courts decided in 2013 299,000 debt cases, which was 11 % more than they decided in 2012. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/koikrs/2013/koikrs_2013_2014-04-02_tie_001_fi.html, visited 2015-08-11.
- 127.
Chapter 21, Section 8c (FCJP), Ervo (2001), p. 123.
- 128.
More about that reform for instance in Nylund (2002), pp. 279–294.
- 129.
Litmala et al. (2007), p. 84.
- 130.
Almkvist and Elofsson (2013), p. 150.
- 131.
- 132.
Leppänen (1998), p. 437.
- 133.
The Code of Conduct (Finland), rule 5.6. Available on the web: http://www.asianajajaliitto.fi/files/1044/B_01_Code_of_conduct_for_lawyers_%2815.1.2009%29.pdf, visited 2015-09-09, The Code of Conduct (Sweden), rule 5.2.1. Available on the web: https://www.advokatsamfundet.se/Documents/Advokatsamfundet_sv/Advokatetik/V%C3%A4gledande%20regler%20med%20kommentarer%20december%202012.pdf, visited 2015-11-07.
- 134.
Chapter 5, Section 20 (FCJP), Chapter 42, Section 8(SCJP), Leppänen (1998), pp. 437–438.
- 135.
Leppänen (1998), p. 438.
- 136.
There is not much discussion in Sweden either. Peter Westberg has touched the topic from the perspective of fishing expeditions. Westberg (2013), pp. 443–448.
- 137.
Todistelu yleisissä tuomioistuimissa, OMM 69/2012, Vertailua eräistä todistusoikeudellisista kysymyksistä Suomessa, Ruotsissa, Norjassa ja Tanskassa 31.10.2012 (Oikeusministeriön selvityksiä ja ohjeita 65/2012), Lausuntokooste (Oikeusministeriön mietintöjä ja lausuntoja 30/2013), HE 46/2014 vp, PeVL 39/2014 vp, and LaVM 19/2014 vp.
- 138.
Chapter 17, Section 26 (FCJP), Chapter 37 (SCJP).
- 139.
Lundblad (1990), pp. 151–152.
- 140.
Chapter 17 Sections 6, 40, Chapter 42 Section 8 (SCJP).
- 141.
Lundblad (1990), p. 151.
- 142.
Chapter 17 Sections 9, 40 (FCJP), Chapter 42 Section 8, Paragraph 1 (SCJP) and Lundblad (1990), pp. 151–152.
- 143.
Chapter 17 Section 56 (FCJP), Chapter 36 Section 19 (SCJP), Lundblad (1990), p. 152.
- 144.
Lappalainen (2003), p. 796.
- 145.
Ervasti (2004), pp. 505, 507.
- 146.
Lesknen (2002), pp. 635–636, 645.
- 147.
Ervo (1995), p. 61.
- 148.
Ervasti (2004), p. 506.
- 149.
Lappalainen (2003), pp. 810–811.
- 150.
Salminen and Ervasti (2015), pp. 591–592.
- 151.
Ervasti (2004), p. 506.
- 152.
Ervasti (2004), p. 507.
- 153.
Ervasti (2004), p. 507.
- 154.
Ervasti (2004), p. 509.
- 155.
Ervasti (2004), p. 510.
- 156.
About the differences between the judicial settlement efforts and the court-connected mediation see Salminen and Ervasti (2015), pp. 598, 610.
- 157.
HE 78/2000, p. 47.
- 158.
Court-connected mediation is discussed widely and in details for instance in Ervasti and Nylund (2014).
- 159.
Sections 4, 5, 9 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 160.
Ervasti (2004), p. 511.
- 161.
This English information on mediation can be found on the websites of the Ministry of Justice (http://www.om.fi, visited 2015-05-12).
- 162.
Sections 3, 4 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 163.
Section 18 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 164.
- 165.
Sections 5, 14 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 166.
Section 4 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 167.
Section 4 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 168.
Section 7 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 169.
Section 6 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 170.
Section 12 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 171.
Section 8 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 172.
Section 8 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 173.
- 174.
Tuominen (2008), p. 73.
- 175.
Section 9 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 176.
Sections 9, 13 and 15 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 177.
Section 1 in the Act of Mediation of Civil Cases in General Courts.
- 178.
According to court statistics, the amount of civil cases at district courts where the case has been decided by a judgment are the following: (per cent) in 2008, 40.5 %; in 2009, 40.2 %; in 2010, 40.4 %; in 2011, 42 %; and, in 2012, 41.2 %, 2013, 43.5 % and in 2014, 43.4 %. http://www.domstol.se/Publikationer/Statistik/domstolsstatistik_2014.pdf, visited 2015-11-08, http://www.domstol.se/Publikationer/Statistik/Domstolsstatistikpercent2012.pdf, visited 2015-11-08. Similar results also in Lindell (2012), p. 303, and in SOU 1982:26, p. 137, which shows us that the trend has quite long traditions by now.
- 179.
The term ‘court-connected mediation’ is in parentheses because some scholars are of opinion that there is no court-connected mediation in Sweden compared with Finland, Norway and Denmark. See Salminen and Ervasti (2015), p. 592. It is true that the court-connected mediation is more common, discussed and perhaps developed in the other Nordic countries, especially if the word court-connected is stressed. Still, the EU mediation directive (Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matter) has been implemented also in Sweden and the mediation exists. However, the implementation was made with the minimum changes into the earlier legislation. More about the implementation and its effects see, Ervo and Sippel (2012) pp. 389–391, Dahlqvist (2014), pp. 137–155.
- 180.
- 181.
- 182.
Sippel (2014), p. 188.
- 183.
Chapter 42, Section 18 (SCJP).
- 184.
Prop. 1986/87:89, p. 200.
- 185.
Brolin et al. (1997), p. 92.
- 186.
Brolin et al. (1997), p. 135.
- 187.
Brolin et al. (1997), p. 130.
- 188.
Brolin et al. (1997), p. 134.
- 189.
Lindell (2003), p. 271.
- 190.
Brolin et al. (1997), p. 129.
- 191.
Ervasti (2004), p. 511.
- 192.
The mediation is possible in the general courts and the role of settlements during proceedings has become important after the reform of 1993. There are also mediation processes outside the court. The Finnish Bar Association has the mediation system and services. For further information see http://www.asianajajat.fi, visited 2015-05-12. Outside the court there is even another mediation system in Finland. It is possible in criminal litigation and in cases concerning damages with minor interest. The mediator is a voluntary layman and the service is normally organised by communities. See the Act on Judicial settlement efforts in Criminal matters and in some civil cases (9.12.2005/1015).
- 193.
Ervasti (2004), p. 512.
- 194.
Ervo (2013), pp. 51–71.
- 195.
Ervasti (2004), p. 512.
- 196.
Ervo (2005), p. 451.
- 197.
Ervo (2005), pp. 457–458.
- 198.
Ervo (2005), p. 458.
- 199.
Ervo (2005), p. 454.
- 200.
See, for instance, Bylander (2006). The author of this fresh thesis deals with the opinion summarised above.
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Ervo, L. (2016). Swedish-Finnish Preparatory Proceedings: Filtering and Process Techniques. In: Ervo, L., Nylund, A. (eds) Current Trends in Preparatory Proceedings . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29325-7_2
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