Abstract
Global movements and migrations have been part of human history forever. In recent decades, the global migration stock has increased more than in any other point in history, posing new questions and challenges not only concerning its political management but also regarding the persistence of global economic disparities. An element which is new are the increasing opportunities for mobility and communication that have deeply transformed the experience of those whose lives are touched by migration, including both the ones leading it or those left behind. Migratory movements are not only quantitatively more relevant but also distinct in their scope, extent, context, origin and nature. Migration projects are less unidirectional, definitive or permanent and are instead open-ended, multidirectional, and flexible. Migration is much more complex than flows of people from poor countries heading to richer countries in search of better opportunities. In this regard, South-South migration has gained importance in both academic and policy circles since most of the world migratory movements take place between countries of the global South. Furthermore, migration involves persons from diverse gender, ages, educational levels and social positions. The global economic recession has encouraged additional layers to emerge (e.g. return management, xenophobic attitudes, welfare system stability, limitations of nation-states and so on) on top of the existing panorama, all deserving closer attention. It has also put on the political and research agenda the mobility patterns within the immigrant population, as part of the strategies developed to better cope with the crisis. Yet migration studies, along with policies, have been approaching migration as a unilinear process, with a clear stated beginning and ultimate end.
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Notes
- 1.
An article in the World Bank Economic Review shows that the global migration stock increased from 92 million in 1960 to 165 million in 2000. The very same article also outlines that in relative terms it however fell from 3.05 % to 2.71 %. See Özden et al. (2011).
- 2.
- 3.
Here the terms “institutionalized”, “managed” or “regulated” circular migration are used interchangeably.
- 4.
The Spanish city of Cartaya, located in the strawberry-growing province of Huelva, received around 1.2 million Euro through the AENEAS programme, in order to develop a circular migration programme with Morocco. A very detailed analysis of this scheme can be found in Plewa (unpublished).
- 5.
See study by Tanya Basok (2003).
- 6.
France and Mauritius signed a bilateral agreement on 23rd September 2008 aiming at the facilitation of circular migration of certain categories of people between the two countries. Under this agreement, Mauritian workers will be allowed to go and work in France for a specific period of time while accompanying measures shall secure their successful return and reintegration in the home country. For more details see: Accord entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de la République de Maurice relatif au séjour et à la migration circulaire de professionnels (ensemble deux annexes), signe a Paris, le 23 Septembre 2008.
- 7.
This pilot project called “Blue Birds” has been launched in 2009 and involves around 80 semi-skilled workers from South Africa and Indonesia. More information can be found in: EPC Working Paper No. 35, Temporary and Circular Migration: Opportunities and Challenges, March 2011.
- 8.
For further reading see Carrera et al. (2009) and Reslow (2010).
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
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The editors of the present volume wish to thank the United Nations University for their generous contribution and support to the project that has resulted in the present volume. Without them, this volume would not have been possible.
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Solé, C., Parella, S., Martí, T.S., Nita, S. (2016). Introduction. In: Solé, C., Parella, S., Martí, T., Nita, S. (eds) Impact of Circular Migration on Human, Political and Civil Rights. United Nations University Series on Regionalism, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28896-3_1
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