Abstract
Food production and consumption are key activities in our societies. Paradoxically, despite the technological progress over the past 100 years, it has not been able to secure sufficient and healthy feeding for everyone. The validity of food crisis has placed the different dimensions of food consumption at the center of attention. The aim of this chapter is to relate theoretically and empirically, three of the considered dimensions: food sovereignty, water security, and change in the pattern of food consumption. In the first part, the theoretical discussion of the relationship of these dimensions is presented, placing at the center of the argument the concept of food security. The second part contains an exercise that estimates the effect of changes in food consumption, food sovereignty, and water security in Mexico in 1992 and 2010, using data from the national survey of household income and expenditure. The results indicate the importance of valuing more than one of the dimensions involved in the realization of the food right.
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Notes
- 1.
The Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition of 1974 states that “The well-being of the peoples of the world largely depends on the adequate production and distribution of food […] establishment of a world food security system which would ensure adequate availability of, and reasonable prices for, food at all times, irrespective of periodic fluctuations […] of weather […] and should thus facilitate […] the development process of developing countries” (CMA 1974).
- 2.
Some of the commitments were to: eradicate poverty, strengthen peace, ensure gender equality, promote national and international solidarity, restrain ‘excessive’ rural–urban migration, have a proper diet, have food safety, have access to all health services and education, secure and lucrative jobs, equitable access to productive resources, sustainable development, recovery of traditional knowledge of indigenous communities, rural development, technological transfer and development, reducing damage from natural disasters, etc. (WFS 1996).
- 3.
The following changes were made in order to handle a single unit of measure: milk and fermented milk drinks: 1 l = 1.032 kg; bottled beverages: 1 l = 1 kg. Differences were validated using mean difference tests (test T) with a confidence level of 95 %. The quantities obtained are the ones consumed per capita per year for a possibly nonexistent “average Mexican home.”
- 4.
Fruit and vegetable consumption recommended is 400 g per capita per day, a level that is associated with a lower incidence of obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes type II, and different cancers (Ramírez-Silva et al. 2009: 575). The WHO indicates that at present, only a minority of the world population consumes the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables (WHO-FAO 2003: 34).
- 5.
- 6.
The 1992 population datum is an estimate from the 1990 Census; the datum for 2010 is a result of the census of that year (INEGI).
- 7.
Degree of dependency: imports divided by internal production.
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Santos-Baca, A. (2016). Change in the Dietary Pattern and Water Security. In: Pérez-Espejo, R., Constantino-Toto, R., Dávila-Ibáñez, H. (eds) Water, Food and Welfare. SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28824-6_9
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