Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Sleep Disorders in Children pp 305–335Cite as

Parasomnias in Children

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Parasomnias are undesirable physical events or experiences that occur during sleep. They are classified on the basis of the sleep stage during which each of the parasomnias tends to occur: NREM-related parasomnias also defined as disorders of arousal (confusional arousals, sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and sleep-related eating disorder), REM-related parasomnias (REM sleep behavior disorder, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis, and nightmare disorder), and other parasomnias (exploding head syndrome, sleep-related hallucinations, and sleep enuresis). Parasomnias include several clinical features, with different complexity of behaviors, usually associated with autonomic nervous system changes and skeletal muscle activity.

The current pathophysiological theories consider parasomnias as state dissociation, characterized by the coexistence of wake- and sleeplike activity within cortical and subcortical areas of the brain. Although parasomnias are not usually associated with a primary complaint of insomnia or excessive sleepiness, they are considered clinical disorders because of possible resulting injuries, adverse health, and psychosocial effects.

Most of the parasomnias can be diagnosed based on history alone. Only the REM sleep behavior disorder requires video-polysomnographic documentation as one of the essential diagnostic criteria. However, polysomnographic recordings can be useful also in other parasomnias especially when the differential diagnosis is difficult or in the case of suspected comorbidities with other sleep disorders. Patient education and behavioral management represent the main treatment approaches to the patient with parasomnias. A pharmacological treatment may be useful when episodes are frequent and persist despite resolution of possible inducing factors, are associated with a high risk of injury, or cause secondary consequences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders. Darien: American Acad. of Sleep Medicine; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Nobili L, De Gennaro L, Proserpio P, Moroni F, Sarasso S, Pigorini A, et al. Local aspects of sleep: observations from intracerebral recordings in humans. Prog Brain Res. 2012;199:219–32.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mahowald MW, Cramer Bornemann MA, Schenck CH. State dissociation, human behavior, and consciousness. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011;11(19):2392–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Laberge L, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Montplaisir J. Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence. Pediatrics. 2000;106(1 Pt 1):67–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S. The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000;188(6):340–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Zadra A, Desautels A, Petit D, Montplaisir J. Somnambulism: clinical aspects and pathophysiological hypotheses. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(3):285–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Petit D, Touchette E, Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Montplaisir J. Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood. Pediatrics. 2007;119(5):e1016–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Licis AK, Desruisseau DM, Yamada KA, Duntley SP, Gurnett CA. Novel genetic findings in an extended family pedigree with sleepwalking. Neurology. 2011;76(1):49–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Bjorvatn B, Grønli J, Pallesen S. Prevalence of different parasomnias in the general population. Sleep Med. 2010;11(10):1031–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nevsimalova S, Prihodova I, Kemlink D, Skibova J. Childhood parasomnia – a disorder of sleep maturation? Eur J Paediatr Neurol EJPN Off J Eur Paediatr Neurol Soc. 2013;17(6):615–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Nobili L, Ferrara M, Moroni F, De Gennaro L, Russo GL, Campus C, et al. Dissociated wake-like and sleep-like electro-cortical activity during sleep. Neuroimage. 2011;58(2):612–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Terzaghi M, Sartori I, Tassi L, Didato G, Rustioni V, LoRusso G, et al. Evidence of dissociated arousal states during NREM parasomnia from an intracerebral neurophysiological study. Sleep. 2009;32(3):409.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Terzaghi M, Sartori I, Tassi L, Rustioni V, Proserpio P, Lorusso G, et al. Dissociated local arousal states underlying essential clinical features of non-rapid eye movement arousal parasomnia: an intracerebral stereo-electroencephalographic study: local sleep and NREM parasomnia. J Sleep Res. 2012;21(5):502–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sarasso S, Pigorini A, Proserpio P, Gibbs SA, Massimini M, Nobili L. Fluid boundaries between wake and sleep: experimental evidence from Stereo-EEG recordings. Arch Ital Biol. 2014;152(2–3):169–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bassetti C, Vella S, Donati F, Wielepp P, Weder B. SPECT during sleepwalking. Lancet. 2000;356(9228):484–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Oliviero A, Marca G, Tonali PA, Pilato F, Saturno E, Dileone M, et al. Functional involvement of cerebral cortex in adult sleepwalking. J Neurol. 2007;254(8):1066–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tassinari CA, Cantalupo G, Högl B, Cortelli P, Tassi L, Francione S, et al. Neuroethological approach to frontolimbic epileptic seizures and parasomnias: the same central pattern generators for the same behaviours. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2009;165(10):762–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, Heikkila K, Koskenvuo M. Prevalence and genetics of sleepwalking a population-based twin study. Neurology. 1997;48(1):177–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hublin C, Kaprio J. Genetic aspects and genetic epidemiology of parasomnias. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(5):413–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lecendreux M, Bassetti C, Dauvilliers Y, Mayer G, Neidhart E, Tafti M. HLA and genetic susceptibility to sleepwalking. Mol Psychiatry. 2003;8(1):114–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bisulli F, Vignatelli L, Naldi I, Licchetta L, Provini F, Plazzi G, et al. Increased frequency of arousal parasomnias in families with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: a common mechanism? Epilepsia. 2010;51(9):1852–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Siclari F, Khatami R, Urbaniok F, Nobili L, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, et al. Violence in sleep. Brain. 2010;133(12):3494–509.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Szelenberger W, Niemcewicz S, DĄbrowska AJ. Sleepwalking and night terrors: psychopathological and psychophysiological correlates. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2005;17(4):263–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG. Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(4):268–76; quiz 277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Derry C. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy vs parasomnias. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2012;14(5):451–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Oudiette D, Leu S, Pottier M, Buzare M-A, Brion A, Arnulf I. Dreamlike mentations during sleepwalking and sleep terrors in adults. Sleep. 2009;32(12):1621.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Pressman MR. Factors that predispose, prime and precipitate NREM parasomnias in adults: clinical and forensic implications. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11(1):5–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep. 2000;23(8):1043–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Archbold KH, Pituch KJ, Panahi P, Chervin RD. Symptoms of sleep disturbances among children at two general pediatric clinics. J Pediatr. 2002;140(1):97–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Aldrich MS, Jahnke B. Diagnostic value of video-EEG polysomnography. Neurology. 1991;41(7):1060–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kushida CA, Littner MR, Morgenthaler T, Alessi CA, Bailey D, Coleman J, et al. Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005. Sleep. 2005;28(4):499–521.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pilon M, Zadra A, Joncas S, Montplaisir J. Hypersynchronous delta waves and somnambulism: brain topography and effect of sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2006;29(1):77–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schenck CH, Pareja JA, Patterson AL, Mahowald MW. Analysis of polysomnographic events surrounding 252 slow-wave sleep arousals in thirty-eight adults with injurious sleepwalking and sleep terrors. J Clin Neurophysiol Off Publ Am Electroencephalogr Soc. 1998;15(2):159–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Pressman MR. Hypersynchronous delta sleep EEG activity and sudden arousals from slow-wave sleep in adults without a history of parasomnias: clinical and forensic implications. Sleep. 2004;27(4):706–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Guilleminault C, Kirisoglu C, da Rosa AC, Lopes C, Chan A. Sleepwalking, a disorder of NREM sleep instability. Sleep Med. 2006;7(2):163–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gaudreau H, Joncas S, Zadra A, Montplaisir J. Dynamics of slow-wave activity during the NREM sleep of sleepwalkers and control subjects. Sleep. 2000;23(6):755–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Zadra A, Pilon M, Montplaisir J. Polysomnographic diagnosis of sleepwalking: effects of sleep deprivation. Ann Neurol. 2008;63(4):513–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Terzano MG, Parrino L. Origin and significance of the Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP). REVIEW ARTICLE. Sleep Med Rev. 2000;4(1):101–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Parrino L, Ferri R, Bruni O, Terzano MG. Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP): the marker of sleep instability. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16(1):27–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Guilleminault C, Lee JH, Chan A, Lopes M-C, Huang Y, da Rosa A. Non-REM-sleep instability in recurrent sleepwalking in pre-pubertal children. Sleep Med. 2005;6(6):515–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Zucconi M, Oldani A, Ferini-Strambi L, Smirne S. Arousal fluctuations in non-rapid eye movement parasomnias: the role of cyclic alternating pattern as a measure of sleep instability. J Clin Neurophysiol Off Publ Am Electroencephalogr Soc. 1995;12(2):147–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Espa F, Ondze B, Deglise P, Billiard M, Besset A. Sleep architecture, slow wave activity, and sleep spindles in adult patients with sleepwalking and sleep terrors. Clin Neurophysiol Off J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111(5):929–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mason TBA, Pack AI. Sleep terrors in childhood. J Pediatr. 2005;147(3):388–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, Davis DM. A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors. The suppression of stage 4 night terrors with diazepam. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;28(2):252–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Craske MG, Tsao JCI. Assessment and treatment of nocturnal panic attacks. Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9(3):173–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Oldani A, Zucconi M, Asselta R, Modugno M, Bonati MT, Dalpra L, et al. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A video-polysomnographic and genetic appraisal of 40 patients and delineation of the epileptic syndrome. Brain J Neurol. 1998;121(Pt 2):205–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Provini F, Plazzi G, Tinuper P, Vandi S, Lugaresi E, Montagna P. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A clinical and polygraphic overview of 100 consecutive cases. Brain. 1999;122(Pt 6):1017–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Nobili L, Proserpio P, Combi R, Provini F, Plazzi G, Bisulli F, et al. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14(2):424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Nobili L, Francione S, Mai R, Cardinale F, Castana L, Tassi L, et al. Surgical treatment of drug-resistant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 2):561–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Scheffer IE, Bhatia KP, Lopes-Cendes I, Fish DR, Marsden CD, Andermann F, et al. Autosomal dominant frontal epilepsy misdiagnosed as sleep disorder. Lancet. 1994;343(8896):515–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Klaassen A, Glykys J, Maguire J, Labarca C, Mody I, Boulter J. Seizures and enhanced cortical GABAergic inhibition in two mouse models of human autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(50):19152–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Xu J, Cohen BN, Zhu Y, Dziewczapolski G, Panda S, Lester HA, et al. Altered activity-rest patterns in mice with a human autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy mutation in the beta2 nicotinic receptor. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;16(10):1048–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Terzaghi M, Sartori I, Mai R, Tassi L, Francione S, Cardinale F, et al. Sleep-related minor motor events in nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48(2):335–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Nobili L, Francione S, Mai R, Tassi L, Cardinale F, Castana L, et al. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: intracerebral recordings of paroxysmal motor attacks with increasing complexity. Sleep. 2003;26(7):883–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Plazzi G, Tinuper P, Montagna P, Provini F, Lugaresi E. Epileptic nocturnal wanderings. Sleep. 1995;18(9):749–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nobili L, Cossu M, Mai R, Tassi L, Cardinale F, Castana L, et al. Sleep-related hyperkinetic seizures of temporal lobe origin. Neurology. 2004;62(3):482–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Vaugier L, Aubert S, McGonigal A, Trebuchon A, Guye M, Gavaret M, et al. Neural networks underlying hyperkinetic seizures of “temporal lobe” origin. Epilepsy Res. 2009;86(2–3):200–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Proserpio P, Cossu M, Francione S, Tassi L, Mai R, Didato G, et al. Insular-opercular seizures manifesting with sleep-related paroxysmal motor behaviors: a stereo-EEG study. Epilepsia. 2011;52(10):1781–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Proserpio P, Cossu M, Francione S, Gozzo F, Lo Russo G, Mai R, et al. Epileptic motor behaviors during sleep: anatomo-electro-clinical features. Sleep Med. 2011;12 Suppl 2:S33–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Derry CP, Davey M, Johns M, Kron K, Glencross D, Marini C, et al. Distinguishing sleep disorders from seizures: diagnosing bumps in the night. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(5):705–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Manni R, Terzaghi M, Repetto A. The FLEP scale in diagnosing nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, NREM and REM parasomnias: data from a tertiary sleep and epilepsy unit. Epilepsia. 2008;49(9):1581–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bisulli F, Vignatelli L, Naldi I, Pittau F, Provini F, Plazzi G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a structured interview for nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (SINFLE): a proposal for developing diagnostic criteria. Sleep Med. 2012;13(1):81–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Derry CP, Harvey AS, Walker MC, Duncan JS, Berkovic SF. NREM arousal parasomnias and their distinction from nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: a video EEG analysis. Sleep. 2009;32(12):1637–44.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Nobili L. Can homemade video recording become more than a screening tool? Sleep. 2009;32(12):1544–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Harris M, Grunstein RR. Treatments for somnambulism in adults: assessing the evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(4):295–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kotagal S. Treatment of dyssomnias and parasomnias in childhood. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2012;14(6):630–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Attarian H. Treatment options for parasomnias. Neurol Clin. 2010;28(4):1089–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Insights from studying human sleep disorders. Nature. 2005;437(7063):1279–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pilon M, Montplaisir J, Zadra A. Precipitating factors of somnambulism: impact of sleep deprivation and forced arousals. Neurology. 2008;70(24):2284–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Provini F, Tinuper P, Bisulli F, Lugaresi E. Arousal disorders. Sleep Med. 2011;12:S22–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kotagal S. Parasomnias in childhood. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(2):157–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hauri PJ, Silber MH, Boeve BF. The treatment of parasomnias with hypnosis: a 5-year follow-up study. J Clin Sleep Med JCSM Off Publ Am Acad Sleep Med. 2007;3(4):369–73.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Hurwitz TD, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Schluter JL, Bundlie SR. A retrospective outcome study and review of hypnosis as treatment of adults with sleepwalking and sleep terror. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991;179(4):228–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Howell MJ. Parasomnias: an updated review. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(4):753–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Bruni O, Ferri R, Miano S, Verrillo E. L -5-Hydroxytryptophan treatment of sleep terrors in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2004;163(7):402–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Jan JE, Freeman RD, Wasdell MB, Bomben MM. A child with severe night terrors and sleep-walking responds to melatonin therapy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004;46(11):789.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Review of nocturnal sleep-related eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 1994;15(4):343–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Howell MJ, Schenck CH, Crow SJ. A review of nighttime eating disorders. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(1):23–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Schenck CH, Hurwitz TD, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. Sleep-related eating disorders: polysomnographic correlates of a heterogeneous syndrome distinct from daytime eating disorders. Sleep. 1991;14(5):419–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Winkelman JW, Herzog DB, Fava M. The prevalence of sleep-related eating disorder in psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations. Psychol Med. 1999;29(6):1461–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Schenck CH, Hurwitz TD, O’Connor KA, Mahowald MW. Additional categories of sleep-related eating disorders and the current status of treatment. Sleep. 1993;16(5):457–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Brion A, Flamand M, Oudiette D, Voillery D, Golmard J-L, Arnulf I. Sleep-related eating disorder versus sleepwalking: a controlled study. Sleep Med. 2012;13(8):1094–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Auger RR. Sleep-related eating disorders. Psychiatry Edgmont. 2006;3(11):64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Howell MJ, Schenck CH. Treatment of nocturnal eating disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2009;11(5):333–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Arnulf I. REM sleep behavior disorder: motor manifestations and pathophysiology. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2012;27(6):677–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Kotagal S. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder during childhood. Sleep Med Clin. 2015;10(2):163–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Stores G. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(10):728–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lloyd R, Tippmann-Peikert M, Slocumb N, Kotagal S. Characteristics of REM sleep behavior disorder in childhood. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8(2):127–31.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Buskova J, Nevsimalova S, Kemlink D, Sonka K. REM sleep without atonia in narcolepsy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(6):757–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Dauvilliers Y, Jennum P, Plazzi G. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):775–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mattarozzi K, Bellucci C, Campi C, Cipolli C, Ferri R, Franceschini C, et al. Clinical, behavioural and polysomnographic correlates of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy. Sleep Med. 2008;9(4):425–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Motor dyscontrol in narcolepsy: rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol. 1992;32(1):3–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Sharpless BA, Barber JP. Lifetime prevalence rates of sleep paralysis: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15(5):311–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Zadra A, Donderi DC. Nightmares and bad dreams: their prevalence and relationship to well-being. J Abnorm Psychol. 2000;109(2):273–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Steinsbekk S, Berg-Nielsen TS, Wichstrøm L. Sleep disorders in preschoolers: prevalence and comorbidity with psychiatric symptoms. J Dev Behav Pediatr JDBP. 2013;34(9):633–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Sharpless BA. Exploding head syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(6):489–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Sharpless BA. Exploding head syndrome is common in college students. J Sleep Res. 2015;24(4):447–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Harari MD. Nocturnal enuresis. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013;49(4):264–71.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Caldwell PHY, Deshpande AV, Gontard AV. Management of nocturnal enuresis. BMJ. 2013;347:f6259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Centre of Sleep Medicine, Centre for Epilepsy Surgery, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy

    Paola Proserpio MD & Lino Nobili MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Paola Proserpio MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lino Nobili MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lino Nobili MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Charles University and General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic

    Soňa Nevšímalová

  2. Sapienza University, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Rome, Roma, Italy

    Oliviero Bruni

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Proserpio, P., Nobili, L. (2017). Parasomnias in Children. In: Nevšímalová, S., Bruni, O. (eds) Sleep Disorders in Children. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28640-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28640-2_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28638-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28640-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation