Skip to main content

Oral and Maxillofacial Viral Infections

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Contemporary Oral Medicine

Abstract

A wide spectrum of viral infections can affect the mouth and allied structures. In most instances, these give rise to short-term local illness (e.g., herpes simplex infections in immunocompetent hosts); however, infections such as Human Immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and the oncogenic types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause significant orofacial disease that will increase patient morbidity and possibly lead to early death. The present chapter details the viral infections that may commonly affect the oral cavity and/or salivary glands in patients worldwide. The epidemiology of viral infections is ever changing; hence, health care providers are encouraged to maintain knowledge of virally driven infections that may impact upon the health and clinical care of their relevant specialty.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anjos KS, Ferreira MME, Arruda MC, Ramos KS, Magalhães AP. Epidemiological characterization of varicella cases in patients of a university hospital located in Recife. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2009;12(4): 523–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arduino PG, Porter SR. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: overview on relevant clinico-pathological features. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008;37(2):107–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aswathyraj S, Arunkumar G, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD): emerging epidemiology and the need for a vaccine strategy. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2016;205:397–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beder Ribeiro CM, Ferrer I, Santos de Farias AB, Fonseca DD, Morais Silva IH, Monteiro Gueiros LA, Carvalho AT, Porter SR, Leao JC. Oral and genital HPV genotypic concordance between sexual partners. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(1):261–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burger-Calderon R, Webster-Cyriaque J. Human BK polyomavirus-the potential for head and neck malignancy and disease. Cancers (Basel). 2015;7(3): 1244–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon MJ, Davis KF. Washing our hands of the congenital cytomegalovirus disease epidemic. BMC Public Health. 2005;5:70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson E, Mashkoor F, Abdulateef S. Oral viral infections. Diagn Manag Dent Clin N Am. 2017;61:351–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JI. Epstein–Barr virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:481–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham AL, Diefenbach RJ, Miranda-Sakesena M. The cycle of human herpes simplex virus infection: virus transport and immune control. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(1):11–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, Hovan A, Correa ME, Logan R, Elting LS, Spijkervet FK, Brennan MT. A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(8): 993–1006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fatahzadeh M, Schwartz RA. Human herpes simplex labialis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32(6):625–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fatahzadeh M, Schwartz RA. Oral Kaposi’s sarcoma: a review and update. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52:666–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ficarra G. Oral ulcers in HIV-infected patients: an update on epidemiology and diagnosis. Oral Dis. 1997;3(Suppl 1):S183–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghrenassia E, Martis N, Boyer J, Burel-Vandenbos F, Mekinian A, Coppo P. The diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS). A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun. 2015;59:19–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glick M. Do dentists have a role in fighting the latest H1N1 pandemic? J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140:1072–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grahn A, Studahl M. Varicella-zoster virus infections of the central nervous system – prognosis, diagnostics and treatment. J Infect. 2015;71(3):281–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ioos S, Mallet HP, Leparc Goffart I, Gauthier V, Cardoso T, Herida M. Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics. Med Mal Infect. 2014;44:302–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ko HM, Hernandez-Prera JC, Zhu H, Dikman SH, Sidhu HK, Ward SC, Thung SN. Morphologic features of extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:1. 740138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korostil IA, Regan DG. Varicella-zoster virus in Perth, Western Australia: seasonality and reactivation. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lê MP, Stitou H, Soulie C, Katlama C, Peytavin G. Sialolithiasis in an HIV-1-infected patient treated with atazanavir/ritonavir monotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(3):727–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leão JC, Caterino-De-Araújo A, Porter SR, Scully C. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and the etiopathogenesis of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo. 2002;57:175–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leão JC, Gueiros LA, Lodi G, Robinson NA, Scully C. Zika virus: oral healthcare implications. Oral Dis. 2017;23:12–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes MA, de Souza Filho FJ, Jorge Júnior J, de Almeida OP. Herpes zoster infection as a differential diagnosis of acute pulpitis. J Endod. 1998;24:143–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL. Infectious mononucleosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(21):1993–2000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mainville GN, Marsh WL, Allen CM. Oral ulceration associated with concurrent herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus infection in an immunocompromised patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;119:e306–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazul AL, Taylor JM, Divaris K, Weissler MC, Brennan P, Anantharaman D, Abedi-Ardekani B, Olshan AF, Zevallos JP. Oral health and human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2017;123(1):71–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mell HK. Management of oral and genital herpes in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26:457–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasci RS. Movement of chikungunya virus into the western hemisphere. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1394–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Northfield JW, Harcourt G, Lucas M, Klenerman P. Immunology of viral co-infections with HIV. Arch Immunol Ther Exp. 2005;53(1):3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odumade OA, Hogquist KA, Balfour HH Jr. Progress and problems in understanding and managing primary Epstein-Barr virus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24(1):193–209.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira JL, Freitas RT, Arcuri LJ, Gomes AP. Epstein-Barr virus and infectious mononucleosis. Rev Bras Clin Med. 2012;10(6):535–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padayachee A, van Wyk CW. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in focal epithelial hyperplasia by in situ hybridization. J Oral Pathol Med. 1991;20:210–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel N, Snyder LD, Finlen-Copeland A, Palmer SM. Is prevention the best treatment? CMV after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:539–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patton LL. Current strategies for prevention of oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;121(1):29–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patton LL, Ramirez-Amador V, Anaya-Saavedra G, Nittayananta W, Carrozzo M, Ranganathan K. Urban legends series: oral manifestations of HIV infection. Oral Dis. 2013;19:533–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pialoux G, et al. Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(5):319–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro R, França TT, Ribeiro CM, Leão JC, de Souza IP, Castro GF. Oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus infected children in highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009;38(8): 613–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro R, de França TR, Ferreira D de C, Ribeiro CM, Leão JC, Castro GF. Human papillomavirus in the oral cavity of children. J Oral Pathol Med. 2011;40(2): 121–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portella AVT, Souza LCB, Gomens JMA. Herpes-zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia. Rev Dor. 2013;14(3): 210–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puenpa J, Mauleekoonphairoj J, Linsuwanon P, Suwannakarn K, Chieochansin T, Korkong S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Prevalence and characterization of enterovirus infections among pediatric patients with hand foot mouth disease, herpangina and influenza like illness in Thailand, 2012. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98888.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rath IB, Beltrame AP, Carvalho AP, Schaeffer MB, Almeida IC. HIV-associated salivary gland disease–clinical or imaging diagnosis? Int J Paediatr Dent. 2015;25(4):233–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Said AK, Leao JC, Fedele S, Porter SR. Focal epithelial hyperplasia – an update. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013;42(6):435–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauerbrei A. Diagnosis, antiviral therapy, and prophylaxis of varicella-zoster virus infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(5):723–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiödt M, Dodd CL, Greenspan D, Daniels TE, Chernof D, Hollander H, Wara D, Greenspan JS. Natural history of HIV-associated salivary gland disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;74:326–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider JW, Dittmer DP. Diagnosis and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18:529. in press

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott LA, Stone MS. Viral exanthems. Dermatol Online J. 2003;9:4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scully C, Samaranayake LP. Emerging and changing viral diseases in the new millennium. Oral Dis. 2016;22(3):171–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedghizadeh PP, Billington WD, Paxton D, Ebeed R, Mahabady S, Clark GT, Enciso R. Is p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma associated with favorable prognosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2016;54:15–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh V, Caplan M, Wilson EM, Papadi B, Rosenberg AZ, Higgins J, Driscoll B, Filie AC, Sereti I. Cytomegalovirus immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome manifesting as sialadenitis in an HIV-infected patient. AIDS. 2013;27(11):1833–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman AC, Sherman KE. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection: navigating CHASM. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12(3):353–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shin JU, Oh SH, Lee JH. A case of hand-foot-mouth disease in an immunocompetent adult. Ann Dermatol. 2010;22(2):216–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon T, Lewthwaite P, Perera D, Cardosa MJ, McMinn P, Ooi MH. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of enterovirus 71. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:778–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SteelFisher GK, Blendon RJ, Bekheit MM, Lubell K. The public’s response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:e65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steigman AJ, Lipton MM, Braspennickx H. Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis: a newly described condition due to Coxsackie A virus. J Pediatr. 1962;61:331–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stojanov IJ, Woo SB. Human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus associated conditions of the oral mucosa. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2015;32(1):3–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syebele K. Regression of both oral mucocele and parotid swellings, following antiretroviral therapy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74(1):89–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torres R, Cottrell D, Reebye UN. Ulcerative tongue lesion secondary to cytomegalovirus. J Mass Dent Soc. 2004;53(3):36–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyor W, Harrison T. Mumps and rubella. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:591–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner RN, Nikkels AF, Marinović B, Schäfer M, Czarnecka-Operacz M, Agius AM, Bata-Csörgő Z, Breuer J, Girolomoni G, Gross GE, Langan S, Lapid-Gortzak R, Lesser TH, Pleyer U, Sellner J, Verjans GM, Wutzler P, Dressler C, Erdmann R, Rosumeck S, Nast A. European consensus-based (S2k) guideline on the Management of Herpes Zoster – guided by the European dermatology forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European academy of dermatology and venereology (EADV), Part 2: treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;31:20. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13957.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson KF, Meier JD, Ward PD. Salivary gland disorders. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(11):882–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephen Porter .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Porter, S., Leão, J.C., Gueiros, L.A. (2017). Oral and Maxillofacial Viral Infections. In: Farah, C., Balasubramaniam, R., McCullough, M. (eds) Contemporary Oral Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28100-1_44-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28100-1_44-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28100-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28100-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics