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Trends in Breast Cancer Prevention pp 1–21Cite as

The Paradigms in Breast Cancer Prevention

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Abstract

Three important recent models have shaped our current knowledge about breast cancer prevention: the accumulating evidence that the disease originates early in life, the impact of (epi-)genomic imprinting, and the recognition that breast cancer is a family of related but distinct diseases. The breast, the target organ, starting a unique intense growth after the first decade of life and involuting already during the third decade, is tremendously vulnerable to several endogenous and exogenous hormone disrupting molecules and other chemical and physical genotoxic factors. Lifestyle and toxins seem to generate long lasting (epi-)genomic marks especially in rapidly growing tissues such as the breast that can be reset for example by an early first full term pregnancy.

The preclinical interval between generation of susceptibility and appearance of the diseases offers opportunities for primary prevention and presumably has a period when genetic control is modifiable. Reversibility declines progressively when different premalignant or early malignant phenotypes appear. Early detection becomes now the priority and can be achieved through recognition of risk markers that reliably predict disease. Newer sophisticated imaging techniques detect the disease in phases where cure is expected. But these tools don’t address the rapid mortal threat of breast cancer in the third world. This is now the prime concern for the next generations worldwide that probably are best served with affordable primary prevention. High priority must be given to lifestyle research on affordable reversion of (epi-) genomic alterations.

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Abbreviations

ADH:

Atypical ductal hyperplasia

ASM:

Allele-specific methylation

BMI:

Body mass index

BRCA 1 and 2:

Breast cancer gene 1 and 2

CE:

Catecholestrogen

CT Scan:

Computerized tomography scan

DCIS:

Ductular carcinoma ‘in situ’

DES:

Diethylstilbestrol

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DDT:

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

EBV:

Epstein-Barr Virus

ER:

Estrogen receptor

FFTP:

First full term pregnancy

hCG:

Human chorionic gonadotropin

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2

HR:

Hormone receptors (both estrogen and progesterone receptor)

IDA:

Invasive ductular adenocarcinoma

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IGFBP:

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein

lncRNAs:

Long noncoding ribonucleic acids

LOH:

Loss of heterozygosity

miRNA:

Microribonucleic acid

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

PET:

Positron-emission tomography

PR:

Progesterone receptor

rhCG:

Recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin

SHBG:

Sex hormone binding globulin

SR:

Steroid receptor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. President of European Cancer Prevention Organization, Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Cancer Prevention., Klein Hilststraat 5, Hasselt, 3500, Belgium

    Jaak Janssens M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Limburg Oncology Center, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Schiepse Bos, Genk, 3600, Belgium

    Jaak Janssens M.D., Ph.D.

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  1. Jaak Janssens M.D., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Jaak Janssens M.D., Ph.D. .

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  1. The Irma H. Russo, MD, Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center--Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Jose Russo

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© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Janssens, J. (2016). The Paradigms in Breast Cancer Prevention. In: Russo, J. (eds) Trends in Breast Cancer Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27135-4_1

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