Abstract
Adenocarcinoma of the cystic duct is a neoplasm that takes its origin from the mucosa of the cystic duct. The tumor is sometimes classified as a distinct subtype of gallbladder carcinoma. It is a rare malignancy which accounts to only 2–6 to 12.6 % of all extrahepatic bile duct malignancies. The neoplasm mainly occurs in male and in persons older than 60 years of age. Individuals with this tumor less commonly have gallstones in comparison with gallbladder cancer patients. For diagnosis, the tumor must be restricted to the cystic duct, with no evidence of a neoplastic process in gallbladder or other bile ducts. There are attempts to classify cystic duct carcinoma in regard to growth patterns and spread, including a hepatic hilum type and a cystic confluence type. There are other very rare primary neoplasms of the cystic duct, including neuroendocrine tumors and various types of mesenchymal neoplasms.
References
Abe H, Tanaka K, Sugiyama S, Katamoto T, Makuuchi M (2003) CT findings of cystic duct carcinoma two years before obstructive jaundice. Hepatogastroenterology 50:24–26
Abt AB, Geinberg E, Kaunitz S (1971) Granular cell myoblastoma of the extrahepatic biliary tree. Mount Sinai J Med 38:457–461
Abue M, Suzuki M, Miyazaki T, Nomura E, Uchimi K, Noguchi T, Suzuki S, Onodera H et al (2011) A case of early cystic duct carcinoma concomitant with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) (in Japanese). Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 108:1743–1751
Al-Atabi M, Ooi RC, Luo XY, Chin SB, Bird NC (2012) Computational analysis of the flow of bile in human cystic duct. Med Eng Phys 34:1177–1183
Andry G, Turnbull AD, Botet J, Kurtz RC (1986) Cholesonographic characteristics of cystic duct metastasis causing acute acalculous cholecystitis: case report. J Surg Oncol 31:178–181
Aoki M, Nara S (2010) A case of solid adenocarcinoma arising from the cystic duct with tumor thrombus in the common bile duct. Jpn J Clin Oncol 40:819
Arai T, Tanaka M, Noto K, Sakamoto Y, Kawachi Y (1997) Cystic lymph node metastasis caused by a Bellini duct carcinoma. Br J Urol 79:135–136
Aronsky D, Z’graggen K, Stauffer E, Lange J, Klaiber C (1999) Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the cystic duct. Digestion 60:493–496
Balija M, Huis M, Stulhofer M, Nikolic V (2001) Contribution to the nomenclature of variations of the cystic artery. Chirurg 72:154–158
Baraka A, al Mokhtar NY, Madda JP, Amirrad M, Asfar S (1990) Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct causing obstructive jaundice. JR Soc Med 83:746–747
Barber CJ (1984) Granular cell tumour of the cystic duct. A cause of cholecystitis. JR Coll Surg Edinb 29:56–57
Benchellal ZA, Soro KG, Orain I, Poret H, Ferhi AH, Darquies-Chevalley J (2008) Thirteen-year disease-free survival after surgery for cystic duct carcinoma: a case report. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2:428–432
Berge T, Haeger K (1967) Clinical significance of the amputation neuroma and length of the cystic duct remnant. Acta Chir Scand 133:55–60
Berretta M, Di Benedetto F, Lleshi A, Ristagno M, Cappellani A, Bearz A, Berretta S et al (2010) Long term survival in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the cystic duct. J Chemother 22:436–437
Bhana BD, Chetty R (1999) Heterotopic pancreas – an unusual cause of cholecystitis. S Afr J Surg 37:105–107
Bickenbach KA, Shia J, Klimstra DS, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Kingham TP, Allen PJ et al (2011) High-grade dysplasia of the cystic duct margin in the absence of malignancy after cholecystectomy. HPB (Oxford) 13:865–868
Bilanovic D, Boricic I, Zdravkovic D, Randjelovic T, Stanisavljevic N, Tokovic B (2008) Granular cell tumor of the common hepatic duct presenting as cholangiocarcinoma and acute acalculous cholecystitis. Acta Chir Iugosl 55:99–101
Bird NC, Ooi RC, Luo XY, Chin SB, Johnson AG (2006) Investigation of the functional three-dimensional anatomy of the human cystic duct: a single helix? Clin Anat 19:528–534
Bode WW, Aust JB (1983) Isolated cystic dilatation of the cystic duct. Am J Surg 145:828–829
Bodner E, Aufschnaiter M, Hager J, Mikuz G (1978) Neuroma of the cystic nerve stump. No explanation for post-cholecystectomy pain (in German). Chirurg 49:424–427
Borghese M, Gabriele R, Antoniozzi A, Teneriello F, Caporale A, Giuliani A, Lombardo F, Rengo M (1999) Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct: a case report and review of the literature (in Italian). G Chir 20:35–40
Brodman HR, Ghazi A (1971) Empyema of the cystic duct stump. Am Surg 37:427–430
Chainuvati T, Paosawadhi A, Sripranoth M, Manasatih S, Viranuvatti V (1976) Carcinoma of the cystic duct associated with opisthorchiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 7:482–486
Chan KM, Yeh TS, Tseng JH, Liu NJ, Jan YY, Chen MF (2005) Clinicopathological analysis of cystic duct carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 52:691–694
Chen TH, Shyu JF, Chen CH, Ma KH, Wu CW, Lui WY, Liu JC (2000) Variations of the cystic artery in Chinese adults. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10:154–157
Chijiiwa K, Torisu M (1993) Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct. J Clin Gastroenterol 16:309–313
Chittal SM, Ra PM (1989) Carcinoid of the cystic duct. Histopathology 15:643–646
Christensen AH, Ishak KG (1970) Benign tumours and pseudotumours of the gall bladder. Report of 180 cases. Arch Pathol 90:423–432
Cimaschi D, De Cesare V, Pulcini G, Cervi E, Belloni M, Liserre B, Cervi GC (2006) A case of amputation neuroma of the bile duct following video-laparoscopic cholecystectomy (in Italian). G Chir 27:31–36
Clark W, Schulz MD (1947) Hepatoma, with invasion of cystic duct and metastasis to third lumbar vertebra. N Engl J Med 237:673–676
Dasgupta D, Stringer MD (2005) Cystic duct and Heister’s “valves”. Clin Anat 18:81–87
De Melo VA, de Melo GB, Silva RL, Piva N, Almeida ML (2004) Tuberculosis of the cystic duct lymph node. Braz J Infect Dis 8:112–114
De Waele B, Beaurang J, Smekens L, Pipeleers-Marichal M (1984) Carcinoma of cystic duct leading to obstructive jaundice. Dig Dis Sci 29:865–867
Dhanjal NS, Sharif AW, Rosenfelder NA, Lim AK, Taylor-Robinson SD (2005) Cystic duct dilatation after cholecystectomy in fibropolycystic liver disease. J Hepatol 43:192
Ding YM, Wang B, Wang WX, Wang P, Yan JS (2007) New classification of the anatomic variations of cystic artery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J Gastroenterol 13:5629–5634
Dixon JA, Christensen C (1971) Primary adenocarcinoma in cystic duct remnants. Am J Surg 121:610–611
Doberauer B, Kühlmayer R (1973) Cysticus stump neurinoma as a rare cause for postcholecystectomy syndrome (in German). Chirurg 44:39–41
Eum JS, Kim GH, Park CH, Kang DH, Song GA (2008) A remnant cystic duct cancer presenting as a duodenal submucosal tumor. Gastrointest Endosc 67:975–976
Farkas I, Patko A, Kövari M (1980) Obstructive jaundice caused by postsurgical granuloma of the common bile duct. Endoscopy 12:250–253
Farrar DA (1951) Carcinoma of the cystic duct. Br J Surg 39:183–185
Felekouras E, Petrou A, Bramis K, Prassas E, Papaconstantinou I, Dimitriou N, Pazaiti A et al (2009) Malignant carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct: a rare cause of bile duct obstruction. Hepatobiliary Panceat Dis Int 8:640–646
Ferluga D, Luzar B, Gadzijev EM (2003) Follicular lymphoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. Virchows Arch 442:136–140
Ferri Romero J, Carrion Tomas A, Estrada Caballero JL, Fernandez Gimenez F, Ceballos Gil S et al (1994) Granular cell tumor of the bile duct: an infrequent location (in Spanish). Rev Esp Enferm Dig 85:217–219
Fialho F, Hilario J (1952) Granular cell rhabdomyoma of the cystic duct (myoblastoma) (in Portuguese). Rev Bras Med 9:616–618
Fine SW, Li M (2003) Expression of calretinin and the alpha-subunit of inhibin in granular cell tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 119:259–264
Flint ER (1923) Abnormalities of the right hepatic, cystic, and gastroduodenal arteries, and of the bile-ducts. Br J Surg 10:509–519
Furukawa H, Muramatsu Y, Fukushima N, Kosuge T (1999) Carcinoma oft eh cystic bile duct: MRCP and CT appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173:1141
Gabata T, Matsui O, Sanada J, Kadoya M, Ohmura K, Minato H (2003) Cystic duct remnant carcinoma with widespread invasion along the extrahepatic bile duct wall: dynamic CT findings. Abdom Imaging 28:79–82
Galler L, Feinberg GL, Scarano JJ (1991) Case report: cystic duct carcinoma. NJ Med 88:337–339
Galloway PG (1984) Heterotopic duodenum in the cystic duct. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108:666–668
Geoffroy H, Maffioli C (1975) Carcinoma of the cystic duct. Report of a case and review of the literature (in French). Arch Fr Mal App Dig 64:239–247
Gilloteaux J, Combetta J (2005) Carcinoma in situ of the cystic duct. Ultrastruct Pathol 29:79–84
Glenn F, Hill MR (1955) Extrahepatic biliary tract cancer. Cancer 8:1218–1225
Goldman LI, Lemole G, Ellis R, Rosemond GP (1967) Granular cell myoblastoma of the cystic duct. JAMA 200:1185–1186
Goodman ZD, Albores-Saavedra J, Lundblad DM (1984) Somatostatinoma of the cystic duct. Cancer 53:498–502
Hellner H (1925) Das Karzinom des Ductus cysticus (Carcinoma of the cystic duct). Beitr Klin Chir 134:554
Hermina M, Starling J, Warner TF (1999) Carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct. Pathol Res Pract 195:707–709
Ho CM, Lee PH (2006) Image of the month. Papillary adenoma of the cystic duct. Arch Surg 141:315
Hobbiss JH, Hasleton P, Kahn MK, Turner L (1987) Granular cell myoblastoma of the cystic duct: a case report and review of the literature. JR Coll Surg Edinb 32:117–118
Holzinger F, Schilling M, Z’graggen K, Stain S, Baer HU (1998) Carcinoma of the cystic duct leading to obstructive jaundice. A case report and review of the literature. Dig Surg 15:273–278
Hugh TB, Kelly MD, Li B (1992) Laparoscopic anatomy of the cystic artery. Am J Surg 163:593–595
Inceoglu R, Dosluoglu HH, Kullu S, Ahiskali R, Doslu FA (1993) An unusual cause of hydropic gallbladder and biliary colic – heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the cystic duct: report of a case and review of the literature. Surg Today 23:532–534
Ioannidis O, Cheva A, Paraskevas G, Chatzopoulos S, Kotronis A, Papadimitriou N et al (2012) Neuroendocrine tumor of the cystic duct. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 75:357–360
Irons HS (1955) Carcinoma of cystic duct; case report of a successful resection. Surgery 38:396–401
Itoh T, Fuji N, Taniguchi H, Yasukawa S, Yasuda H, Wakabayashi N, Watanabe T et al (2008) Double cancer of the cystic duct and gallbladder associated with low junction of the cystic duct. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 15:338–343
Jho DH, Jho DJ, Chejfec G, Ahn M, Ong ES, Espat NJ (2007) Primary biliary B-cell lymphoma of the cystic duct causing obstructive jaundice. Am Surg 73:508–510
John M, Walker B, Kanzer F (1982) Carcinoma of the cystic duct mimicking the Mirizzi syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 77:936–937
Joske RA, Finlay-Jones LR (1966) Amputation neuroma of the cystic-duct stump. Br J Surg 53:766–768
Karakozis S, Gongora E, Zapas JL, He P, Krishnan J, Kirkpatrick JR (2000) Granular cell tumors of the biliary tree. Surgery 128:113–115
Kawarada Y, Das BC (2001) Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction. J Gastroenterol 36:289–290
Kim WC, Lee DH, Ahn SI, Kim JM (2007) A case of cystic duct carcinoma treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy: a proposal for new classification. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 16:437–440
Kiu V, Wang HP, Wu YM (2009) Cystic duct tubular adenocarcinoma. Dig Surg 26:369–370
Klein M, Kaminsky P, Deibener J, Cocciale MP, Duc M (1994) Sarcoid reactions in cystic duct carcinoma. Chest 106:1304–1305
Kogire M, Kitamura O, Yamada T, Noda H, Asano M, Yoshida A (1985) Carcinoma of the cystic duct: a case report. Nihon Geka Hokan 54:508–513
Kosemehmetoglu K, Akpinar E, Sokmensuer C, Hamaloglu E (2011) Papillary carcinoma with diffuse papillomatosis of gallbladder and cystic duct. Ann Diagn Pathol 15:140–144
Kubota K, Kakuta Y, Inayama Y, Yoneda M, Abe Y, Inamori M, Kirikoshi H, Saito S et al (2008) Clinicopathologic study of resected cases of primary carcinoma of the cystic duct. Hepatogastroenterology 55:1174–1178
Kunisaki SM, Hertl M, Bodner BE, Cosimi AB (2005) Mirizzi syndrome secondary to an adenoma of the cystic duct. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 12:159–162
Labo G, Rosa L (1965) Primary chronic inflammation of the cystic duct. Postgrad Med J 41:243–246
Lamont N, Winthrop AL, Cole FM, Langer JC, Issenman RM, Finkel KC (1991) Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the gallbladder: a cause of chronic abdominal pain in a child. J Pediatr Surg 26:1293–1295
Lebovics E, Le Guyader H, Savino J, Moldes O, Weisberger J, Rosenthal WS (1993) Papillary adenocarcinoma arising within a pedunculated cystic duct polyp. Am J Gastroenterol 88:1278–1280
Lee SW, Yun SP, Seo HI (2013) Heterotopic pancreas of the gallbladder associated with segmental adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. J Korean Surg Soc 84:309–311
Liebmann LI, Mikelic V, Joh MM, Wilson FM (1982) Hydrops of the gallbladder in an adult with Kawasaki disease. JAMA 247:827–829
LiVolsi VA, Perzin KH, Badder EM (1973) Granular cell tumours of the biliary tract. Arch Pathol 95:13–17
Loh A, Kamar S, Dickson GH (1994) Solitary benign papilloma (papillary adenoma) of the cystic duct: a rare cause of biliary colic. Br J Clin Pract 48:167–168
Lombard R, Dehalleux E, Drèze C (1967) Cancerized papilloma of the cystic duct (in French). Acta Gastroenterol Belg 30:452–459
Loutsch H (1961) Apropos of a case of amputation neuroma of the cystic stump (in French). Mem Acad Chir (Paris) 87:324–330
Mackay B, Elliott GB, MacDougall JA (1968) Granular cell myoblastoma of the cystic duct: report of a case with electron-microscope observations. Can J Surg 11:44–51
Maheshwari VK, Agarwal GP (1969) Post-cholecystectomy cystic duct neuroma. A case report. Indian J Pathol Bacteriol 12:126–127
Manabe T, Sugie T (1978) Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct. Arch Surg 113:1202–1204
Mattler EA, Barberis CR, Salama AA, Rossai J (1965) Postcholecystectomy syndrome – amputation neuroma of the cystic duct (in Spanish). Rev Argent Cir 8:93–94
McGregor L (1950) Synopsis of surgical anatomy, 7th edn. John Wright & Sons, Bristol, pp 66–67
Mentzer SH (1926) The valves of Heister. Arch Surg 13:511–522
Miyayama S, Matsui O, Akakura Y, Yamamoto T, Nishida H, Minami T, Kozaka K et al (2003) Percutaneous cholecystocholedochostomy for cholecystitis and cystic duct obstruction in gallbladder carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 14:261–263
Mlakar B, Gadzijev EM, Ravnik D, Hribernik M (2003) Anatomical variations of the cystic artery. Eur J Morphol 41:31–34
Mrak K, Eberl T, Tschmelitsch J, Langner C (2010) Heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the cystic duct: complicating factor or coexisting pathology. South Med J 103:471–473
Murakata LA, Ishak KG (2001) Expression of inhibin-alpha by granular cell tumors of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. Am J Surg Pathol 25:1200–1203
Nakase Y, Takagi T, Fukumoto K, Kassai K, Yamagami T, Itani K, Miyagaki T (2008) Hemobilia and cystic artery stump pseudoaneurysm associated with liver abscess after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: report of a case. Surg Today 38:567–571
Nakata T, Kobayashi A, Miwa S, Soeda J, Miyagawa S (2007) Impact of tumor spread to the cystic duct on the prognosis of patients with gallbladder carcinoma. World J Surg 31:155–161
Nakata T, Kobayashi A, Miwa S, Soeda J, Uehara T, Miyagawa S (2009) Clinical and pathological features of primary carcinoma of the cystic duct. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 16:75–82
Napolitano S, Morgana R (1992) Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct. A rarity in surgery (in Italian). Minerva Chir 47:1493–1496
Nari G, Ponce O, Ramirez Utrera E (2001) Primary cancer of the cystic duct; a case report. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 31:403–404
Nemoto A, Goshima H, Yoshimine S, Higashiguchi T, Takagi K, Fujii K, Kato H (2003) Mucin-producing carcinoma of the cystic duct that caused obstructive jaundice. Hepatogastroenterology 50:1250–1254
Nicolescu PG, Popescu A (1986) Carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct. Morphol Embryol (Bucur) 32:275–277
Nishimura A, Mayama S, Nakano K, Seki Y, Tanaka N (1975) Carcinoma of the cystic duct: case report. Jpn J Surg 5:109–117
Noji T, Kondo S, Hirano S, Ambo Y, Tanaka E, Okushiba S, Katoh H (2003) Carcinoma of the cystic duct remnant with direct colonic invasion. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 34:117–120
O’Connell JB, Whittemore DM, Russell JC, Ellis WA, Becker DR (1984) Malignant melanoma metastatic to the cystic and common bile ducts. Cancer 53:184–186
Ooi RC, Luo XY, Chin SB, Johnson AG, Bird NC (2004) The flow of bile in the human cystic duct. J Biomech 37:1913–1922
Orizio P, Villanacci V, Bassotti G, Falchetti D, Torri F, Ekema G (2011) Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the cystic duct. Int J Surg Pathol 19:364–365
Ozden I, Kamiya J, Nagino M, Uesaka K, Oda K, Sano T, Kamiya S, Nimura Y (2003) Cystic duct carcinoma: a proposal for a new “working definition”. Langenbecks Arch Surg 387:337–342
Pack GT, Teng PK (1968) Carcinoma of cystic duct leading to hydrops of gallbladder. JAMA 203:153–154
Palagiano V, D’Addato M (1963) Amputation neuroma of the cystic duct (in Italian). Acta Chir Ital 19:581–597
Parker RH (1965) Carcinoma of the cystic duct with gallbladder perforation. Ann Intern Med 63:475–480
Phillips SJ, Estrin J (1969) Primary adenocarcinoma in a cystic duct stump. Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch Surg 98:225–227
Prinz RA, Greenlee HB, Caporale FS (1979) Amputation neuroma of the cystic duct: a treatable cause of postcholecystectomy pain. Ann Surg 45:543–544
Rabinovitch J, Arlen M, Grayzel D, Roberts M, Rabinovitch P (1960) Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct. Report of two cases. Arch Surg 80:424–433
Radin DR, Chandrasoma P, Ralls PW (1990) Carcinoma of the cystic duct. Gastrointest Radiol 15:49–52
Redmond AD, Majeranowski JF (1954) Systemic spread of a cystic duct carcinoma: a case report. Ann Intern Med 40:632–640
Reul GJ, Rubio PA, Berkman NL (1975) Granular cell myoblastoma of the cystic duct. A case associated with hydrops of the gallbladder. Am J Surg 129:583–584
Rivkind AI, Sherman Y, Rabinovici R (1989) Cystic duct carcinoma mimicking empyema of the gallbladder. Am Surg 55:314–315
Roig Vila JV, Castells Ferrer P, Flors Alandi C, Blasco Segura T, Garcia Armengol J (1995) Acute cholecystitis caused by cystic polyp (in Spanish). Rev Esp Enferm Dig 87:752–753
Rosenberg J, Matzner MJ (1957) Neuroma in a dilated stump of the cystic duct: preoperative visualization by intravenous cholangiography. Am J Gastroenterol 27:471–478
Rugge M, Sonego F, Militello C, Guido M, Ninfo V (1992) Primary carcinoid tumor of the cystic and common bile ducts. Am J Surg Pathol 16:802–807
Sahel J, Scheiner C, Lebreuil G, Sarles H (1976) Malacoplakia of the cystic duct (in French). Arch Fr Mal App Dig 65:585–590
Sasaki K, Matsuda M, Hashimoto M, Harano T, Fujii T, Watanabe G (2011) Early cystic duct carcinoma of new classification. Int J Surg Case Rep 2:246–249
Sato M, Watanabe Y, Kikkawa H, Kohtani T, Suzuki H, Nezu K, Yoshida M, Kawachi K et al (2001) Carcinoma of the cystic duct associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction. J Gastroenterol 36:276–280
Satoh H, Hirano T, Ogawa Y, Minamishima Y, Saitoh S, Takashima M, Koga K, Imaizumi N et al (1999) Adenoma arising from the cystic duct and extending to the confluence of the extrahepatic biliary tract. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 6:186–189
Savage and Devitt 1977. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/200901
Schaefer IM, Cameron S, Middel P, Homayounfar K, Schwörer H, Vieth M, Veits L (2012) Pyloric gland adenoma of the cystic duct with malignant transformation: report of a case with review of the literature. BMC Cancer 12:570
Sekaran P, Anwar S (2008) The presence of two cystic nodes. Clin Anat 21:807–808
Serpe SJ, Todd D, Baruch H (1960) Cholecystitis due to granular cell myoblastoma of the cystic duct. Am J Dig Dis 5:824–826
Shah IA, Schlageter MO, Wong SX, Gani OS (1998) Carcinoid tumor of the cystic duct. Dig Surg 15:372–373
Shiba H, Misawa T, Ito R, Imazu H, Suzuki M, Yanaga K (2011) Preoperative diagnosis of early cystic duct cancer using endoscopic ultrasonography and endocholangioscopy: report of a case. J Gastrointest Surg 15:1477–1479
Shibata Y, Toyoda S (1995) Carcinoma of the cystic duct protruding into the common bile duct: report of a case. Surg Today 25:1050–1053
Smith VM, Feldman M, Warner CG (1962) Neoplasms of the cystic and hepatic ducts. Am J Dig Dis 7:804–816
Smith BB, Huergo M, Cullin PS (1967) Carcinoma of the cystic duct. Tex Med 63:75–77
Sonoda Y, Yamaguchi K, Nagai E, Nakamuta M, Ito T, Eguchi T, Chijiiwa K, Tanaka M (2003) Small cell carcinoma of the cystic duct: a case report. J Gastrointest Surg 7:631–634
Stavridi F, Chong H, Chan S, Goldsmith C, Reddy M, Glees J, Benepal T (2007) Neuroendocrine tumour of the cystic duct: a case report and literature review. J Gastrointest Cancer 38:32–33
Tajiri K, Shimizu Y, Mihara H, Kawanishi Y, Orihara T, Takahashi H, Ishizawa S, Kawai S et al (2006) Cholangiocarcinoma at the cystic duct discovered by lymph node metastases with clear cell transformation. Intern Med 45:1045–1048
Takahashi S, Homma H, Aikyama T, Mesawa S, Kojke K, Hirata K, Kogawa K, Kawano Y et al (2007) A case of primary carcinoma of the cystic duct with limy bile (in Japanese). Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 104:394–400
Tanaka S, Yamamoto T, Ishihara K, Ono K (2008) Acute inflammatory dilation of the cystic duct induced by a stone. Dig Surg 25:309
Tartar VM, Balfe DM (1990) Lymphoma in the wall of the bile ducts: radiologic imaging. Gastrointest Radiol 15:53–57
Timberlake GA, Tachovsky TJ (1988) Granular cell myoblastoma of the cystic duct. Mil Med 153:98–99
Toufeeq AK (1953) Abnormalities of cystic duct, cystic artery and right hepatic artery. J Natl Med Assoc 45:409–413
Turner MA, Fulcher AS (2001) The cystic duct: normal anatomy and disease processes. RadioGraphics 21:3–22
Vaittinen E (1972) Carcinoma of the cystic duct. Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn 61:190–194
Wakahara T, Tsukamoto T, Toyokawa A, Iwasaki T, Hamabe Y, Teramura K (2011) A case of cystic duct metastasis from rectal cancer (in Japanese). Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 108:2023–2029
Walker JM, Kanzer BF (1982) Carcinoma of the cystic duct mimicking the Mirizzi syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 77:936–938
Wee GC, Hagen G, Torres A, Shieber W (1970) Hodgkin’s disease of the cystic node as a cause of nonvisualization of the gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol 54:272–276
Weiler H, Grandel A, Frühmorgen P (2003) Congenital cystic dilatation of the cystic duct associated with an anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction (in German). Ultraschall Med 24:197–201
Williams G, Whittaker JS (1965) Diagnostic problems in biliary duct lymph nodes. J Clin Pathol 18:43–46
Yamaguchi K, Nishihara K, Tsuneyoshi M (1991) Carcinoma of the cystic duct. J Surg Oncol 48:282–286
Yamashina M, Stemmermann GN (1984) Granular cell tumor: unusual cause for mucocele of gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol 79:701–703
Yokoyama Y, Nishio H, Ebata T, Abe T, Igami T, Oda K, Nimura Y, Nagino M (2008) New classification of cystic duct carcinoma. World J Surg 32:621–626
Yopp AC, Pulipati R, Chorost MI, Horovitz JH (2008) Cystic duct biliary adenoma. Surgery 143:150–151
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Zimmermann, A. (2016). Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions of the Cystic Duct. In: Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26587-2_162-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26587-2_162-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26587-2
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine