Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bone Metastases

  • Chapter
International Manual of Oncology Practice

  • 1312 Accesses

Abstract

Bone is a common site of secondary involvement in advanced cancers. Around 70 % of patients with advanced breast and prostate cancers and up to 30–40 % of patients with advanced lung, thyroid and kidney develop metastatic bone disease.

Cancer-bone cell interactions are complex and can lead to altered bone metabolism and increased bone fragility. Metastatic bone disease is associated with significant morbidity and can have a substantial survival impact. Typically, skeletal complications of bone metastases include pathological fracture, spinal cord compression, the need for surgery or radiotherapy for a symptomatic bone metastases, and hypocalcaemia, referred as skeletal-related events (SREs).

The treatment landscape of bone metastases is multimodal and has evolved over the last decade. It includes both medical, radiation and surgical management.

In this chapter the pathology, clinic, clinical evaluation and management of metastatic bone disease from solid tumors will be reviewed.

The authors would like to thank Irene Ferreira for the invaluable help in the development of Fig. 40.1 and Sandra Casimiro for the insightful comments during the discussion of the manuscript.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jensen A, Jacobsen J, Norgaard M, Yong M, Fryzek J, Sorensen H (2011) Incidence of bone metastases and skeletal-related events in breast cancer patients: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. BMC Cancer 11(1):29

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Norgaard M, Jensen AO, Jacobsen JB, Cetin K, Fryzek JP, Sorensen HT (2010) Skeletal related events, bone metastasis and survival of prostate cancer: a population based cohort study in Denmark (1999 to 2007). J Urol 184(1):162–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Galasko CSB (1981) The anatomy and pathways of skeletal metastases. Bone metastases. GK Hall, Boston, pp 49–63

    Google Scholar 

  4. Yin JJ, Pollock CB, Kelly K (2005) Mechanisms of cancer metastasis to the bone. Cell Res 15(1):57–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Coleman RE (2001) Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 27(3):165–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Coleman RE (2006) Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity. Clin Cancer Res 12(20 Pt 2):6243s–6249s

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Pockett R, Castellano D, McEwan P, Oglesby A, Barber B, Chung K (2010) The hospital burden of disease associated with bone metastases and skeletal‐-related events in patients with breast cancer, lung cancer, or prostate cancer in Spain. Eur J Cancer Care 19(6):755–760

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang J, Shiozawa Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Jung Y, Pienta KJ, Mehra R, Loberg R, Taichman RS (2008) The role of CXCR7/RDC1 as a chemokine receptor for CXCL12/SDF-1 in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 283(7):4283–4294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pluijm G, Lowik C, Papapoulos S (2000) Tumour progression and angiogenesis in bone metastasis from breast cancer: new approaches to an old problem. Cancer Treat Rev 26(1):11–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tranquilli Leali P, Doria C, Zachos A, Ruggiu A, Milia F, Barca F (2009) Bone fragility: current reviews and clinical features. Clin Cases Mineral Bone Metab 6(2):109–113

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mundy GR (1997) Malignancy and the skeleton. Horm Metab Res 29(3):120–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chiang AC, Massagué J (2008) Molecular basis of metastasis. N Engl J Med 359(26):2814–2823

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Roato I, Ferracini R (2013) Solid tumours show osteotropism: Mechanisms of bone metastases. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 11(3–4):87–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chirgwin JM, Roodman GD (2014) “Pathophysiology of bone metastases.” Bone metastases: a translational and clinical approach. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 3–17

    Google Scholar 

  15. Suva LJ, Washam C, Nicholas RW, Griffin RJ (2011) Bone metastasis: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7(4):208–218

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Front D, Schneck SO, Frankel A, Robinson E (1979) Bone metastases and bone pain in breast cancer. Are they closely associated? JAMA 242(16):1747–1748

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Namer M (1991) Clinical consequences of osteolytic bone metastases. Bone 12(Suppl 1):S7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Mercadante S (1997) Malignant bone pain: pathophysiology and treatment. Pain 69(1–2):1–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA (2008) DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s cancer: principles & practice of oncology. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lipton A, Theriault RL, Hortobagyi GN, Simeone J, Knight RD, Mellars K, Reitsma DJ, Heffernan M, Seaman JJ (2000) Pamidronate prevents skeletal complications and is effective palliative treatment in women with breast carcinoma and osteolytic bone metastases: long term follow-up of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Cancer 88(5):1082–1090

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, Tchekmedyian S, Venner P, Lacombe L, Chin JL, Vinholes JJ, Goas JA, Zheng M et al (2004) Long-term efficacy of zoledronic acid for the prevention of skeletal complications in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(11):879–882

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wong MH, Stockler MR, Pavlakis N (2012) Bisphosphonates and other bone agents for breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:Cd003474

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lipton A, Fizazi K, Stopeck AT, Henry DH, Brown JE, Yardley DA, Richardson GE, Siena S, Maroto P, Clemens M et al (2012) Superiority of denosumab to zoledronic acid for prevention of skeletal-related events: a combined analysis of 3 pivotal, randomised, phase 3 trials. Eur J Cancer 48(16):3082–3092

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Coleman R, Costa L, Saad F, Cook R, Hadji P, Terpos E, Garnero P, Brown J, Body J-J, Smith M et al (2011) Consensus on the utility of bone markers in the malignant bone disease setting. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 80(3):411–432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Brown JE, Cook RJ, Major P, Lipton A, Saad F, Smith M, Lee KA, Zheng M, Hei YJ, Coleman RE (2005) Bone turnover markers as predictors of skeletal complications in prostate cancer, lung cancer, and other solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(1):59–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hamaoka T, Madewell JE, Podoloff DA, Hortobagyi GN, Ueno NT (2004) Bone imaging in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 22(14):2942–2953

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cheville JC, Tindall D, Boelter C, Jenkins R, Lohse CM, Pankratz VS, Sebo TJ, Davis B, Blute ML (2002) Metastatic prostate carcinoma to bone. Cancer 95(5):1028–1036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Berruti A, Dogliotti L, Gorzegno G, Torta M, Tampellini M, Tucci M, Cerutti S, Frezet MM, Stivanello M, Sacchetto G et al (1999) Differential patterns of bone turnover in relation to bone pain and disease extent in bone in cancer patients with skeletal metastases. Clin Chem 45(8 Pt 1):1240–1247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shah LM, Salzman KL (2011) Imaging of spinal metastatic disease. Int J Surg Oncol. Article ID 769753; doi: 002010.1155/2011/769753

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nakai T, Okuyama C, Kubota T, Yamada K, Ushijima Y, Taniike K, Suzuki T, Nishimura T (2005) Pitfalls of FDG-PET for the diagnosis of osteoblastic bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32(11):1253–1258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jadvar H (2013) Molecular imaging of prostate cancer with PET. J Nucl Med 54(10):1685–1688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yang H-L, Liu T, Wang X-M, Xu Y, Deng S-M (2011) Diagnosis of bone metastases: a meta-analysis comparing 18FDG PET, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy. Eur Radiol 21(12):2604–2617

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lecouvet FE, Talbot JN, Messiou C, Bourguet P, Liu Y, de Souza NM (2014) Monitoring the response of bone metastases to treatment with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and nuclear medicine techniques: a review and position statement by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer imaging group. Eur J Cancer 50:2519–2531, (Oxford, England: 1990

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, Verweij J, Van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Christian MC et al (2000) New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(3):205–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Costelloe CM, Chuang HH, Madewell JE, Ueno NT (2010) Cancer response criteria and bone metastases: RECIST 1.1, MDA and PERCIST. J Cancer Educ 1:80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Clamp A, Danson S, Nguyen H, Cole D, Clemons M (2004) Assessment of therapeutic response in patients with metastatic bone disease. Lancet Oncol 5(10):607–616

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rosen LS, Gordon D, Kaminski M, Howell A, Belch A, Mackey J, Apffelstaedt J, Hussein MA, Coleman RE, Reitsma DJ et al (2003) Long-term efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid compared with pamidronate disodium in the treatment of skeletal complications in patients with advanced multiple myeloma or breast carcinoma: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, comparative trial. Cancer 98(8):1735–1744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Rosen LS, Gordon D, Tchekmedyian S, Yanagihara R, Hirsh V, Krzakowski M, Pawlicki M, de Souza P, Zheng M, Urbanowitz G et al (2003) Zoledronic acid versus placebo in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with lung cancer and other solid tumors: a phase III, double-blind, randomized trial—the zoledronic acid lung cancer and other solid tumors study group. J Clin Oncol 21(16):3150–3157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, Tchekmedyian S, Venner P, Lacombe L, Chin JL, Vinholes JJ, Goas JA, Chen B et al (2002) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(19):1458–1468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Machado M, Cruz LS, Tannus G, Fonseca M (2009) Efficacy of clodronate, pamidronate, and zoledronate in reducing morbidity and mortality in cancer patients with bone metastasis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Ther 31(5):962–979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Barrett-Lee P, Casbard A, Abraham J, Hood K, Coleman R, Simmonds P, Timmins H, Wheatley D, Grieve R, Griffiths G et al (2014) Oral ibandronic acid versus intravenous zoledronic acid in treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer: a randomised, open label, non-inferiority phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 15(1):114–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wang F, Chen W, Chen H, Mo L, Jin H, Yu Z, Li C, Liu Q, Duan F, Weng Z (2013) Comparison between zoledronic acid and clodronate in the treatment of prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. Med Oncol (Northwood, London, England) 30(3):657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, Steger GG, Tonkin K, de Boer RH, Lichinitser M, Fujiwara Y, Yardley DA, Viniegra M et al (2010) Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol 28(35):5132–5139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, Damiao R, Brown J, Karsh L, Milecki P, Shore N, Rader M, Wang H et al (2011) Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet 377(9768):813–822

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Henry DH, Costa L, Goldwasser F, Hirsh V, Hungria V, Prausova J, Scagliotti GV, Sleeboom H, Spencer A, Vadhan-Raj S et al (2011) Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 29(9):1125–1132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sun L, Yu S (2013) Efficacy and safety of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in patients with bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Oncol 36(4):399–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Van Poznak CH, Von Roenn JH, Temin S (2011) American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline update: recommendations on the role of bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. J Oncol Pract 7(2):117–121

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ruggiero SL et al (2009) American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw – 2009 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65(3):369–376

    Google Scholar 

  49. Saad F, Brown JE, Van Poznak C, Ibrahim T, Stemmer SM, Stopeck AT, Diel IJ, Takahashi S, Shore N, Henry DH et al (2012) Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of osteonecrosis of the jaw: integrated analysis from three blinded active-controlled phase III trials in cancer patients with bone metastases. Ann Oncol 23(5):1341–1347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lipton A, Saad F, Poznak C, Brown J, Stopeck A, Fizazi K, Henry D, Shore N, Diel I, Tonkin K et al (2013) Incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving denosumab or zoledronic acid for bone metastases from solid tumors or multiple myeloma: results from three phase III trials. J Clin Oncol 31(suppl; abstr 9640)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Papapetrou PD (2009) Bisphosphonate-associated adverse events. Hormones (Athens) 8(2):96–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Odvina CV, Levy S, Rao S, Zerwekh JE, Rao DS (2010) Unusual mid-shaft fractures during long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 72(2):161–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Goh SK, Yang KY, Koh JS, Wong MK, Chua SY, Chua DT, Howe TS (2007) Subtrochanteric insufficiency fractures in patients on alendronate therapy: a caution. J Bone Joint Surg 89(3):349–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Wilkinson GS, Baillargeon J, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS (2010) Atrial fibrillation and stroke associated with intravenous bisphosphonate therapy in older patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 28(33):4898–4905

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Aapro M, Abrahamsson PA, Body JJ, Coleman RE, Colomer R, Costa L, Crino L, Dirix L, Gnant M, Gralow J et al (2008) Guidance on the use of bisphosphonates in solid tumours: recommendations of an international expert panel. Ann Oncol 19(3):420–432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Boonen S, Ferrari S, Miller PD, Eriksen EF, Sambrook PN, Compston J, Reid IR, Vanderschueren D, Cosman F (2012) Postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment with antiresorptives: effects of discontinuation or long-term continuation on bone turnover and fracture risk—a perspective. J Bone Miner Res 27(5):963–974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Brown JP, Roux C, Törring O, Ho P-R, Beck Jensen J-E, Gilchrist N, Recknor C, Austin M, Wang A, Grauer A et al (2013) Discontinuation of denosumab and associated fracture incidence: analysis from the Fracture Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in Osteoporosis Every 6 Months (FREEDOM) Trial. J Bone Miner Res 28(4):746–752

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Amadori D, Aglietta M, Alessi B, Gianni L, Ibrahim T, Farina G, Gaion F, Bertoldo F, Santini D, Rondena R et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of 12-weekly versus 4-weekly zoledronic acid for prolonged treatment of patients with bone metastases from breast cancer (ZOOM): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 14(7):663–670

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Gabriel N. Hortobagyi AL, Helen K. Chew, William John Gradishar, Nicholas P. Sauter, Ramon W. Mohanlal, Ming Zheng, Beth McGrain, Catherine Van Poznak (2014) Efficacy and safety of continued zoledronic acid every 4 weeks versus every 12 weeks in women with bone metastases from breast cancer: results of the OPTIMIZE-2 trial. J Clin Oncol 32(5):(suppl; abstr LBA9500^)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Himelstein AL, Qin R, Novotny PJ, Seisler DK, et al (2015) CALGB 70604 (Alliance): a randomized phase III study of standard dosing vs. longer interval dosing of zoledronic acid in metastatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 33(suppl; Abstr 9501)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ibrahim MFK, Mazzarello S, Shorr R, Vandermeer L et al (2015) Should de-escalation of bone-targeting agents be standard of care for patients with bone metastases from breast cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 26(11):2205–2213. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Robert Edward Coleman JW, Stephen Houston, Rajiv Agrawal, Om Pra-Kash Purohit, Larry Hayward, Peter Simmonds, Anna Waterhouse, Helen Marshall, BISMARK Investigators (2012) Randomized trial of marker-directed versus standard schedule zoledronic acid for bone metastases from breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 30(suppl; abstr 511)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Hartsell WF, Yajnik S (2008) Palliation of bone metastases. In: Halperin EC, Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Perez and Brady’s principles and practice of radiation oncology, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1974–1985

    Google Scholar 

  64. Linden Y, Rades D (2013) Bone metastases. In: Lutz S, Chow E, Hoskin P (eds) Radiation oncology in palliative cancer care, 1st edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 241–256

    Google Scholar 

  65. Vassiliou V, Bruland O, Janjan N, Lutz S, Kardamakis D, Hoskin P (2009) Combining systemic bisphosphonates with palliative external beam radiotherapy or bone-targeted radionuclide therapy: interactions and effectiveness. Clin Oncol (Roy Coll Radiol (Great Britain)) 21(9):665–667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Chow E, Hoskin P, Mitera G, Zeng L, Lutz S, Roos D, Hahn C, van der Linden Y, Hartsell W, Kumar E (2012) Update of the international consensus on palliative radiotherapy endpoints for future clinical trials in bone metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82(5):1730–1737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lutz S, Berk L, Chang E, Chow E, Hahn C, Hoskin P, Howell D, Konski A, Kachnic L, Lo S et al (2011) Palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases: an ASTRO evidence-based guideline. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 79(4):965–976

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Chow E, Zeng L, Salvo N, Dennis K, Tsao M, Lutz S (2012) Update on the systematic review of palliative radiotherapy trials for bone metastases. Clin Oncol (Roy Coll Radiol) 24(2):112–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hartsell WF, Konski AA, Lo SS, Hayman JA (2009) Single fraction radiotherapy for bone metastases: clinically effective, time efficient, cost conscious and still underutilized in the United States? Clin Oncol (Roy Coll Radiol) 21(9):652–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McQuay HJ, Collins SL, Carroll D, Moore RA, Derry S (2013) WITHDRAWN: radiotherapy for the palliation of painful bone metastases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD001793

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dennis K, Makhani L, Zeng L, Lam H, Chow E (2013) Single fraction conventional external beam radiation therapy for bone metastases: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Radiother Oncol 106(1):5–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Huisman M, van den Bosch MA, Wijlemans JW, van Vulpen M, van der Linden YM, Verkooijen HM (2012) Effectiveness of reirradiation for painful bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84(1):8–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chow E, van der Linden YM, Roos D, Hartsell WF, Hoskin P, Wu JS, Brundage MD, Nabid A, Tissing-Tan CJ, Oei B, Babington S, Demas WF, Wilson CF, Meyer RM, Chen BE, Wong RK (2014) Single versus multiple fractions of repeat radiation for painful bone metastases: a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 15(2):164–171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Roos DE, Turner SL, O’Brien PC, Smith JG, Spry NA, Burmeister BH, Hoskin PJ, Ball DL, Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group T (2005) Randomized trial of 8 Gy in 1 versus 20 Gy in 5 fractions of radiotherapy for neuropathic pain due to bone metastases (Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group, TROG 96.05). Radiother Oncol 75(1):54–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Pollicino CA, Turner SL, Roos DE, O’Brien PC (2005) Costing the components of pain management: analysis of Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group trial (TROG 96.05): one versus five fractions for neuropathic bone pain. Radiother Oncol 76(3):264–269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Scarantino CW, Caplan R, Rotman M, Coughlin C, Demas W, Delrowe J (1996) A phase I/II study to evaluate the effect of fractionated hemibody irradiation in the treatment of osseous metastases – RTOG 88-22. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 36(1):37–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Salazar OM, Sandhu T, da Motta NW, Escutia MA, Lanzos-Gonzales E, Mouelle-Sone A, Moscol A, Zaharia M, Zaman S (2001) Fractionated half-body irradiation (HBI) for the rapid palliation of widespread, symptomatic, metastatic bone disease: a randomized Phase III trial of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50(3):765–775

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Salazar OM, Rubin P, Hendrickson FR, Komaki R, Poulter C, Newall J, Asbell SO, Mohiuddin M, Van Ess J (1986) Single-dose half-body irradiation for palliation of multiple bone metastases from solid tumors. Final Radiation Therapy Oncology Group report. Cancer 58(1):29–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Poulter CA, Cosmatos D, Rubin P, Urtasun R, Cooper JS, Kuske RR, Hornback N, Coughlin C, Weigensberg I, Rotman M (1992) A report of RTOG 8206: a phase III study of whether the addition of single dose hemibody irradiation to standard fractionated local field irradiation is more effective than local field irradiation alone in the treatment of symptomatic osseous metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23(1):207–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Bashir FA, Parry JM, Windsor PM (2008) Use of a modified hemi-body irradiation technique for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate: report of a 10-year experience. Clin Oncol (Roy Coll Radiol) 20(8):591–598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. van Dodewaard-de Jong JM, de Klerk JM, Bloemendal HJ, van Bezooijen BP, de Haas MJ, Wilson RH, O’Sullivan JM (2011) A phase I study of combined docetaxel and repeated high activity 186Re-HEDP in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) metastatic to bone (the TAXIUM trial). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 38(11):1990–1998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Brady D, Parker CC, O’Sullivan JM (2013) Bone-targeting radiopharmaceuticals including radium-223. Cancer J 19(1):71–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pandit-Taskar N, Larson SM, Carrasquillo JA (2014) Bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals for treatment of osseous metastases, Part 1: alpha therapy with 223Ra-dichloride. J Nucl Med 55(2):268–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Wieder HA, Lassmann M, Allen-Auerbach MS, Czernin J, Herrmann K (2014) Clinical use of bone-targeting radiopharmaceuticals with focus on alpha-emitters. World J Radiol 6(7):480–485

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O’Sullivan JM, Fosså SD, Chodacki A, Wiechno P, Logue J, Seke M et al (2013) Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 369(3):213–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Maranzano E, Trippa F (2013) Spinal cord compression. In: Lutz S, Chow E, Hoskin P (eds) Radiation oncology in palliative cancer care, 1st edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp 257–269

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  87. Kwok Y, Patchell RA, Regine WF (2008) Palliation of brain and spinal cord metastases. In: Halperin EC, Perez CA, Brady LW (eds) Perez and Brady’s principles and practice of radiation oncology, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1974–1985

    Google Scholar 

  88. Loblaw DA, Mitera G, Ford M, Laperriere NJ (2012) A 2011 updated systematic review and clinical practice guideline for the management of malignant extradural spinal cord compression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84(2):312–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Gralow JR, Biermann JS, Farooki A, Fornier MN, Gagel RF, Kumar R, Litsas G, McKay R, Podoloff DA, Srinivas S et al (2013) NCCN task force report: bone health in cancer care. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw JNCCN 11(Suppl 3):S1–S50, quiz S51

    Google Scholar 

  90. Turriziani A, Mattiucci GC, Montoro C, Ferro M, Maurizi F, Smaniotto D, Cellini N (2005) Radiotherapy-related fatigue: incidence and predictive factors. Rays 30(2):197–203

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Hofman M, Ryan JL, Figueroa-Moseley CD, Jean-Pierre P, Morrow GR (2007) Cancer-related fatigue: the scale of the problem. Oncologist 12(Suppl 1):4–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Laird BJ, Fallon M (2015) Attenuating pain flare: a new role for an old therapy? Lancet Oncol. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00339-3

  93. Chow E, Meyer RM, Ding K, Nabid A, Chabot P, Wong P, et al (2015) Dexamethasone in the prophylaxis of radiation-induced pain flare after palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00199-0

  94. Dijstra S, Wiggers T, van Geel BN, Boxma H (1994) Impending and actual pathological fractures in patients with bone metastases of the long bones. A retrospective study of 233 surgically treated fractures. Eur J Surg 160(10):535–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. van der Linden YM, Kroon HM, Dijkstra SP, Lok JJ, Noordijk EM, Leer JW, Marijnen CA, Dutch Bone Metastasis Study G (2003) Simple radiographic parameter predicts fracturing in metastatic femoral bone lesions: results from a randomised trial. Radiother Oncol 69(1):21–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ward WG, Holsenbeck S, Dorey FJ, Spang J, Howe D (2003) Metastatic disease of the femur: surgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res (415 Suppl):S230–244

    Google Scholar 

  97. Malviya A, Gerrand C (2012) Evidence for orthopaedic surgery in the treatment of metastatic bone disease of the extremities: a review article. Palliat Med 26(6):788–796

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Damron TA, Ward WG (2003) Risk of pathologic fracture: assessment. Clin Orthop Relat Res (415 Suppl):S208–S211

    Google Scholar 

  99. Van der Linden YM, Dijkstra PD, Kroon HM, Lok JJ, Noordijk EM, Leer JW, Marijnen CA (2004) Comparative analysis of risk factors for pathological fracture with femoral metastases. J Bone Joint Surg 86(4):566–573

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Oncology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal

    Arlindo R. Ferreira & Luís Costa

  2. Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035, Lisbon, Portugal

    Arlindo R. Ferreira & Luís Costa

  3. Radiation Oncology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal

    André Abrunhosa-Branquinho & Marília Jorge

  4. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA

    Inês Vaz-Luís

Authors
  1. Arlindo R. Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. André Abrunhosa-Branquinho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marília Jorge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luís Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Inês Vaz-Luís
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arlindo R. Ferreira .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Ramon Andrade de Mello

  2. edificio 7, ala nascente, 3º andar, University of Algarve, Dept Cie Biomed edificio 7, ala nascente, 3º andar, Faro, Portugal

    Álvaro Tavares

  3. Medical Oncology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Giannis Mountzios

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ferreira, A.R., Abrunhosa-Branquinho, A., Jorge, M., Costa, L., Vaz-Luís, I. (2015). Bone Metastases. In: de Mello, R., Tavares, Á., Mountzios, G. (eds) International Manual of Oncology Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21683-6_40

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation