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North American Scorpion Envenomations

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Critical Care Toxicology

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Abstract

Scorpions are arthropods with a hard exoskeleton and eight legs. Cephalad to the body are two large pinchers, which the scorpion uses to grasp prey. Caudal to the body is the tail, which terminates in the telson. This last segment contains both a venom gland and a stinger (Fig. 1).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Toxicology, Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Michael Levine

  2. Medical Toxicology, Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA

    Anne-Michelle Ruha

Authors
  1. Michael Levine
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  2. Anne-Michelle Ruha
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Michael Levine or Anne-Michelle Ruha .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Jeffrey Brent

  2. Office of New Drugs Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

    Keith Burkhart

  3. Clinical Toxicology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom

    Paul Dargan

  4. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Benjamin Hatten

  5. Med & Toxicological Intensive Care Unit, Lariboisière Hospital Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France

    Bruno Megarbane

  6. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Robert Palmer

Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, 2nd Edition

Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, 2nd Edition

  1. I.

    Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial.

  2. II-1.

    Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.

  3. II-2.

    Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.

  4. II-3.

    Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could also be regarded as this type of evidence.

  5. III.

    Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies and case reports, or reports of expert committees.

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Levine, M., Ruha, AM. (2016). North American Scorpion Envenomations. In: Brent, J., Burkhart, K., Dargan, P., Hatten, B., Megarbane, B., Palmer, R. (eds) Critical Care Toxicology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_83-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_83-1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20790-2

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