Abstract
The post-2015 agenda looks promising. Even prior to digging into this agenda, there is a possibility that some African countries will achieve a fair number of the MDGs to some extent just before 2015. Nevertheless, the deliberative process surrounding the goals failed to properly include the voices of marginalized and indigenous populations even though it was popularized as an agenda that would be a product of a participatory process. This lack of a real bottom-up engagement has greatly affected what progress has been chalked. Where progress is being made, improvements are often not evenly shared throughout the continent. As chapters in this volume have emphasized, the MDG targets must be interpreted as applicable to each individual country. This chapter sums up and reflects on the discussions in the preceding chapters and postulates what could lie ahead for Africa’s development, particularly without the MDGs.
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Notes
- 1.
A full listing of the goals, targets and indicators may be found in Appendix 20.2.
- 2.
For further discussion about how middle class was conceptualized see Banerjee and Duflo (2007).
- 3.
For a detailed list of documents and speeches around post-2015 development agenda in Africa, see http://www.uneca.org/post2015 (accessed 1 August 2014). For a summary, see http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2014/foresight%20africa%202014/05%20foresight%20post%202015%20development%20agenda%20bhorat (accessed 1 August 2014).
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Appendices
Appendices
Appendix 20.1
Africa in the eyes of The Economist Magazine, 2000–2013
2000 | 2011 | 2013 |
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Appendix 20.2
The Millennium Development Goals at a glance
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) | |
|---|---|
Goals and Targets | Indicators |
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger | |
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day | 1. Proportion of population below $1 per day (PPP-values) |
2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] | |
3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption | |
Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger | 4. Prevalence of underweight children (under-5 years of age) |
5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption | |
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education | |
Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling | 6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education |
7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 | |
8. Literacy rate of 15–24 year olds | |
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women | |
Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no later than 2015 | 9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education |
10. Ratio of literate females to males of 15–24 year olds | |
11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector | |
12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament | |
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality | |
Target 5: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate | 13. Under-five mortality rate |
14. Infant mortality rate | |
15. Proportion of 1 year old children immunised against measles | |
Goal 5: Improve maternal health | |
Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio | 16. Maternal mortality ratio |
17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel | |
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases | |
Target 7: Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS | 18. HIV prevalence among 15–24 year old pregnant women |
19. Contraceptive prevalence rate | |
20. Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS | |
Target 8: Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse, the incidence of malaria and other major diseases | 21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria |
22. Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures | |
23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis | |
24. Proportion of TB cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course) | |
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability | |
Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources | 25. Proportion of land area covered by forest |
26. Land area protected to maintain biological diversity | |
27. GDP per unit of energy use (as proxy for energy efficiency) | |
28. Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) [Plus two figures of global atmospheric pollution: ozone depletion and the accumulation of global warming gases] | |
Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water | 29. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source |
Target 11: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers | 30. Proportion of people with access to improved sanitation |
31. Proportion of people with access to secure tenure [Urban/rural disaggregation of several of the above indicators may be relevant for monitoring improvement in the lives of slum dwellers] | |
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development* | |
Target 12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system | Some of the indicators listed below will be monitored separately for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked countries and small island developing states. |
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally | Official Development Assistance |
32. Net ODA as percentage of DAC donors’ GNI [targets of 0.7 % in total and 0.15 % for LDCs] | |
33. Proportion of ODA to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) | |
34. Proportion of ODA that is untied | |
35. Proportion of ODA for environment in small island developing states | |
36. Proportion of ODA for transport sector in land-locked countries | |
Target 13: Address the special needs of the Least Developed Countries | |
Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction | Market access |
37. Proportion of exports (by value and excluding arms) admitted free of duties and quotas | |
38. Average tariffs and quotas on agricultural products and textiles and clothing | |
39. Domestic and export agricultural subsidies in OECD countries | |
40. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity | |
Target 14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing states (through Barbados Programme and 22nd General Assembly provisions) | Debt sustainability |
41. Proportion of official bilateral HIPC debt cancelled | |
42. Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services | |
43. Proportion of ODA provided as debt relief | |
44. Number of countries reaching HIPC decision and completion points | |
Target 15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term | |
Target 16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth | 45. Unemployment rate of 15–24 year olds |
Target 17: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries | 46. Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis |
Target 18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications | 47. Telephone lines per 1,000 people |
48. Personal computers per 1,000 people | |
Other indicators TBD | |
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Khalema, N.E., Makiwane, M.B., Andrews, N. (2015). Conclusion: Africa Beyond 2015—MDG Prospects, Its Discontents, and Implications. In: Andrews, N., Khalema, N., Assié-Lumumba, N. (eds) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Retrospect. Social Indicators Research Series, vol 58. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16166-2_20
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