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The Rise of Applied Entomology in the Russian Empire: Governmental, Public, and Academic Responses to Insect Pest Outbreaks from 1840 to 1894

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New Perspectives on the History of Life Sciences and Agriculture

Part of the book series: Archimedes ((ARIM,volume 40))

Abstract

This chapter examines the rise of applied entomology in the nineteenth-century Russian empire from the time when certain branches of the Russian civil service began collecting field data on insect pests till the moment when the first professional positions for agricultural entomologists were established. The central theme of our research is the interaction between a small group of trained naturalists, the Russian state administration, and a broader network of provincial observers that was instrumental for the emergence of a discipline whose success ultimately depended on a stable flow of mass-produced field data. The chapter explores the complex relations between the state and civil society, and between the political and academic center of St. Petersburg and regional initiatives that shaped the early history of applied entomology in Russia.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Palladino (1996, Chaps. 1–2), Sorensen (1995, Chap. 4), Castonguay (2004b, Chap. 1), and McWilliams (2008, Chaps. 2–4).

  2. 2.

    Sorensen (1988) and Castonguay (2004a).

  3. 3.

    Chesnova (1962).

  4. 4.

    For example, Marchal (1896), Mokrzhetskii (1900), and Howard (1930).

  5. 5.

    Blunt statements of this type can be found in both prerevolutionary and Soviet literature, e.g., Mokrzhetskii (1900) and Chesnova (1962).

  6. 6.

    For the recent discussion of the role of lay observers in the production of scientific knowledge, see, e.g., Naylor (2006), Güttler (2011), Brenna (2011), and Vetter (2011).

  7. 7.

    See, e.g., Secord (1994), Alberti (2001), Desmond (2001), Allen (2009), and Lucier (2009).

  8. 8.

    Latour (1987).

  9. 9.

    For example, Terrall (2010).

  10. 10.

    For details, see Lincoln (1982, pp. 30–34) and Mironov (2012, pp. 200–202).

  11. 11.

    Russia. Ministry of State Domains (1841, pp. lix–lx).

  12. 12.

    See, e.g., Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Istoricheskii Arkhiv [The Russian State Historical Archive—hereafter RGIA], St. Petersburg, fond (collection) 398, opis’ (inventory) 6, delo (file) 1583 (“A common file on insects that are harmful for agriculture for the year 1842”); f. 398, op. 8, d. 2493 (“On insect pests that appeared in fields in various provinces in 1844”).

  13. 13.

    On Koeppen, see Lincoln (1982), Koeppen (1912), Sukhova (1993), and Sukhova and Krasnikova (2002).

  14. 14.

    Anonymous (1863).

  15. 15.

    Schwerdtfeger (1972), Aguilar (2006, p. 88), and Smith et al., ed. (1973, pp. 368–369).

  16. 16.

    Probably shield bugs (family Scutellariidae).

  17. 17.

    RGIA, f. 398, op. 5, d. 1106, l. 51ob.

  18. 18.

    Russia. Ministry of State Domains (1841).

  19. 19.

    Russia. Ministry of State Domains (1841, pp. 265–266).

  20. 20.

    RGIA, f. 398, op. 6, d. 1583, l. 9; for similar recommendations, see also: ibid, ll. 21, 33, 53ob., 66ob.-67; op. 8, d. 2493, l. 36ob.; d. 2493, ll. 40ob., 36ob.

  21. 21.

    Russia. Ministry of State Domains (1850). The instructions contain no reference as to the author of the document. Our claim that they were written by Ménétries is based on the minutes of the MSD Academic Committee dated 13 October 1858. At the meeting, Ménétries stated that “a few years ago I wrote guidelines on shipping insects.” See RGIA, f. 398, op. 21, d. 7163, l. 66ob.

  22. 22.

    RGIA, f. 398, op. 5, d. 1106, ll. 242, 262, 362.

  23. 23.

    For an introduction to the zemstvo reform, see Eklof et al., ed. (1994).

  24. 24.

    Jacobson (1910). See also minutes of the society’s meetings for 1860–1869 in RES, Simashko (1861, pp. 17–24, 28–29, 37–41, 43–44), Koeppen (1865–66, pp. 4, 17–24, 26–27, 62–64), Trudy Russkogo entomologicheskogo obshchestva 4 (1867–69), pp. 22–26; St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (hereafter SPF ARAN), f. 724 (the RES collection), op. 1, d. 71, 75, 77.

  25. 25.

    See, e.g., the minutes of the society’s meeting on October 2, 1861, and December 4, 1861 in RES, Trudy Russkogo entomologicheskogo obshchestva 2 (1863), pp. xix, xxii–xxiv.

  26. 26.

    RES, Trudy Russkogo entomologicheskogo obshchestva 2 (1863), pp. xxvii, xxxi–xxxvi.

  27. 27.

    Our analysis is based on the RES membership lists and the lists of expeditions and publications. See Jacobson (1910), pp. 4–6, 11–13, Semenov-Tian-Shanskii (1910), and RES (1873), pp. 67–118.

  28. 28.

    The Grand Duke became the RES’s president in 1881. In 1884–1901, he edited and published nine volumes of Memoirs sur les Lepidopteres. For details, see Semenov-Tian-Shanskii (1910), p. 31.

  29. 29.

    Our calculations are based on the society’s membership lists: see RES (1872), pp. 53–57 and RES (1893).

  30. 30.

    See RGIA, f. 91, op. 1, d. 347. On the Free Economic Society, see Leckey (2011) and Bradley (2009), pp. 38–84.

  31. 31.

    For example, in 1871–1872 the two societies established a joint commission for bird protection. See RGIA, f. 91, op. 1, d. 347, ll. 40–43.

  32. 32.

    SPF ARAN, f. 724, op. 1, d. 80 (“About the establishment of entomological stations in Russia,” 1873).

  33. 33.

    Simashko (1861, pp. 17, 19, 37–38, 43–47), Anonymous (1863, pp. 23, 39–53), Koeppen (1865–1866, pp. 19–24, 26–27, 54, 62–63), Turdy Russkogo entomologicheskogo obshchestva 4 (1867–1869), pp. 22–26.

  34. 34.

    Simashko (1861) and Jacobson (1910, pp. 4–5).

  35. 35.

    For example, Pot’e (1846), Russia. Ministry of State Domains (1847), Baziner (1851), Demol’ (1846), and Skarzhinskii (1846).

  36. 36.

    For his biography, see Adelung (1908).

  37. 37.

    Koeppen (1865–1866, 1870).

  38. 38.

    Trudy Russkogo entomologicheskogo obshchestva 9, 1875–1876, pp 57–59.

  39. 39.

    Koeppen (1881–1908).

  40. 40.

    [1878] “Protokoly zasedaniia komissii, sostoiashchei pri Odesskoi zemskoi uprave.”

  41. 41.

    Rul’e and Farenkol’ (1847).

  42. 42.

    Our conclusions are based on the contents of the journal published in Palimpsestov, Otchet, appendix.

  43. 43.

    On the 1863 university reform in Russia, see Vucinich (1970, pp. 42–61) and Kassow (1994).

  44. 44.

    See Bradley (2009) and Hachten (1991).

  45. 45.

    RGIA, f. 1287 (collection of the Economic Department of the Ministry of the Interior), op. 4, d. 1364 (“On insect and animal pests that appeared in 1878”), ll. pp. 35–36.

  46. 46.

    Porchinskii (1879).

  47. 47.

    For details of Porchinskii’s career at the MSD, see RGIA, f. 398, op. 59, d. 18445 (“About assigning a graduate of St. Petersburg University Iosif Porchinskii to the Department of Agriculture”). For Porchinskii’s activities at the RES, see SPF ARAN, f. 724, op. 1, d. 82 (“About the society’s engagement in insect pest control measures, correspondence with zemstvos, provincial and country administration and central administration,” 1879–1887).

  48. 48.

    Lindeman (1875). On Lindeman’s and Porchinskii’s trip to the southern provinces in 1878, see RGIA, f. 1287, op. 4, dd. 1376, 1377 (“On measures for the extermination of the grain beetle in the southern provinces of Russia, part. 1, 2”).

  49. 49.

    RGIA, f. 1287, op. 4, d. 1551, ll. 4–5; f. 398, op. 47, d. 15345, ll. 23–26.

  50. 50.

    RGIA, f. 398, op. 47, d. 15345, ll. 52–56, 163, 184–185, 281–282.

  51. 51.

    RGIA, f. 1287, op. 4, d. 1008 (“About the specialist’s trip to Kherson Province to study appearing pests and raising funds for their extermination”); [1879] Pervyi opyt.

  52. 52.

    Local society, the zemstvo, and municipal authorities in Odessa were very active in promoting various forms of civic science. Thus, in the 1880s they also established and supported the first Russian bacteriological station. See Hachten (1991). For details on the Odessa entomological commission, see [1878] “Stenograficheskii otchet”; [1879] Stenograficheskii otchet. For the Khar’kov commission, see [1883] Trudy oblastnogo (III) s’ezda.

  53. 53.

    [1879] Stenograficheskii otchet, pp. 4–5. See also Mechnikov (1879a, b).

  54. 54.

    Krasil’shchik (1886, pp. 13–23). On similar experiments with the fungal pathogens of locusts in the 1890s, see RGIA, f. 398, op. 56, d. 18056 g (“On the study of grasshoppers in Tobolsk province”). Entomopathogenic fungal spores were produced in France in the 1890s; in some cases, Mechnikov personally supervised the production process (Marchal 1896).

  55. 55.

    Russia (1881).

  56. 56.

    For a detailed discussion of the challenges faced by provincial administration in the late 1870s and early 1880s, see Pearson (1989).

  57. 57.

    Reports from the southern provinces: see RGIA, f. 1287, op. 4, d. 1376, 1377, 1378 (On measures for the extermination of the grain beetle in the southern provinces of Russia, part 1, 2, 3). In autumn 1880, the Interior Ministry sent its representative to the southern provinces, who supported the idea of the regional zemstvo meeting. See RGIA, f. 1287, op. 4, d. 1500.

  58. 58.

    [1881] Khlebnyi zhuk.

  59. 59.

    [1881] Khlebnyi zhuk, pp. 61–62.

  60. 60.

    Russia (1885).

  61. 61.

    RGIA, f. 382, op. 1, d. 570; f. 1287, op. 4, d. 1379–1382 (On measures for the extermination of the grain beetle in the southern provinces of Russia, part 4–7); [1882] Trudy oblastnogo s’ezda predstavitelei zemstv; [1883] Trudy oblastnogo III s’ezda predstavitelei zemstv; [1884] Trudy IV entomologicheskogo s’ezda predstavitelei zemstv; [1885] Trudy oblastnogo s’ezda predstavitelei zemstv; [1886] Trudy VI entomologicheskogo s’ezda; [1887] Trudy VII oblastnogo entomologicheskogo s’ezda; [1888] Trudy VIII entomologicheskogo s’ezda; [1890] Trudy IX oblastnogo entomologicheskogo s’ezda.

  62. 62.

    See Minutes of the regional entomological congresses 1881–1884 (footnote 61); Elina and Savchuk (1998, pp. 96–110).

  63. 63.

    [1878] “Stenograficheskii otchet,” p. 40.

  64. 64.

    RGIA, f. 382, op. 1, d. 570, l. 1; Khlebnyi zhuk, p. 78.

  65. 65.

    Trudy IV entomologicheskogo s’ezda, pp. 82–84; Trudy VII oblastnogo entomologicheskogo s’ezda, p. 59; RGIA, f. 398. op. 51, d. 16586, l. 10–13; op. 54. d. 17529 etc.

  66. 66.

    Elina (2008), RGIA, f. 398. op. 51, d. 16586, l. 10–13; op. 53, d. 17172, l. 65 etc.

  67. 67.

    The archival documents testify that every year the MSD refused to send its entomologists to some provinces on the grounds that there were no available specialists. Those few who were employed by the ministry had been already sent elsewhere (RGIA, f. 398, op. 47, d. 15345; op. 51, d. 16586; op. 53. d. 17172; op. 56, d. 18056b, g; op. 57, d. 18116b, etc.).

  68. 68.

    See, e.g., Zabarinskii (1887).

  69. 69.

    RGIA, f. 398, op. 47, d. 15345; op. 51, d. 16586; op. 53, d. 17172; op. 56, d. 18056 b, g; op. 57, dd. 18116b, v; op. 59, d. 18445; f. 382, op. 9, d. 235 etc.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Joseph Horan, Aleksei Kouprianov, and the editors of this volume, Sharon Kingsland and Denise Phillips, for their very helpful comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. History Department, National Research University - Higher School of Economics, Promyshlennaia ul. 14a, 198099, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Marina V. Loskutova

  2. Institute for the History of Science and Technology, RAS, Universiteskaya naberezhnaya 5/2, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Anastasia A. Fedotova

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  1. Marina V. Loskutova
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Correspondence to Marina V. Loskutova .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of History, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA

    Denise Phillips

  2. History of Science and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Sharon Kingsland

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Loskutova, M., Fedotova, A. (2015). The Rise of Applied Entomology in the Russian Empire: Governmental, Public, and Academic Responses to Insect Pest Outbreaks from 1840 to 1894. In: Phillips, D., Kingsland, S. (eds) New Perspectives on the History of Life Sciences and Agriculture. Archimedes, vol 40. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12185-7_8

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