Abstract
The high cost and quality issues of higher education in many countries need a solution. What is being proposed, and acted on, appears by and large to be the nineteenth century industrial paradigm of productivity to achieve such efficiency, technology being the important factor in cost reduction. However, how does this need for efficiency through productivity–doing more of the same with fewer resources–affect trust in the universities in teaching future generations, i.e. transferring extant knowledge, and especially creativity, i.e. discovering new knowledge, developing new solutions, and expressions of art? In particular, the economies of scale thinking in producing “more” versus creativity in producing “new” are elaborated on. Creativity and productivity are both individual and social concepts however creativity is much more at the individual and small team, personal exchange end and productivity on at specialized, large scale, impersonal exchange end. A key point is that creativity cannot be easily measured in a continuous variable–a solution is either creative or not–and measuring productivity in the economic sense–on the margin and as a percentage change–appears insufficient as a guide to higher education. It turns out that universities my not only loose trust in its mission to teach and do research–as financial returns on (or increasing funding of) universities do not appear to translate into comparable social gains–but creativity is also lost, creating more questions on the use of standard productivity measures on higher education. This may reflect a loss of purpose in higher education, abandoning the thought of solving problems.
The article proposes to include individuals’ creative characteristics in the thinking on socio-economic productivity in order to sustain creation of “new”, in a better balance with “more”, to avoid the crises in higher education. That would require a change in financial and operating structure. The problem appears to be common across western societies and may therefore be considered a core issue in internationalization and competitiveness for these societies in a global economy. The role of the state in higher education must be reconsidered, in order to have creativity back in the sciences. Patrons with a vision for “searching for the truth”, funding that which is “new”–by means of diverse structures like networks, projects, etc.–may therefore have an important role for creativity in science.
“If you want to be creative, you should not go where the money is, but do what you believe in.”, H. Rohrer, Nobel Laureate in Physics, Nano technology pioneer and inventor of the scanning tunneling microscope while at IBM.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
This article originated after the second workshop out of a discussion with Nils-Eric Sahlin at the University of Lund, whose input on creative environments was instrumental in arriving at this article.
- 2.
Ref. to presentation by E. Phelps at the World Bank 2013, discussing “Mass flourishing”.(Phelps 2013)
- 3.
See for example E. Phelps’ Center on Capitalism and Society, the discussion on lack of dynamism in economic theory http://capitalism.columbia.edu/
- 4.
Ref. to Peter Drucker who coined this term in the 1950s/1960s.
- 5.
See recent discussion in WSJ, by Gordon and Mokyr on whether technology will save the world or not: http://online.wsj.com/articles/economists-duel-over-idea-that-technology-will-save-the-world-1402886301
- 6.
See Ronald Coase “Markets, Firms and Property rights” at IEP conference in 2009 in honor of Coase 1959 article. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAq06n79QIs
- 7.
An interesting reading here is a book by John Haughey, 2009, Where is Knowing Going?, Chapter 8 with the same title.
- 8.
See for example Economist June 28, 2014: Higher Education, Creative Destruction. http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21605906-cost-crisis-changing-labour-markets-and-new-technology-will-turn-old-institution-its
- 9.
In exchange, the rights to say something, participate at the table, is given not only by ownership rights but right to express opinion, for example regarding curriculum. These rights are today often constrained to the states, who fund most of the higher education in the world. A discussion on these rights would enable a more interdisciplinary approach to which direction curriculums aught to go. See (Smith 1982, p. 925) on a theoretical discussion on property rights in messages.
- 10.
Such experiments are taking place around the world, but the main bulk of education is still state funded, driven by the purpose of the states, often captured by special interests groups.
- 11.
North (1981, p. 125) concludes that from the classical world to the Middle Ages the Church was as sort of a repository of learning, with monastic advances in agriculture – “a lonely center of learning”.
- 12.
See book by Z. Acs, 2013, Why Philanthropy Matters: How the Wealthy Give, and What It Means for Our Economic Well-Being, http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9964.html
- 13.
This section is a modified version of and based on the “recipe for creativity” presented and discussed in (Sahlin 2001), Kreativitetens filosofi. Nya Doxa, Stockholm; the English version on which this essay is based can be found here: http://www.nilsericsahlin.se/kreativitet/index.html.
- 14.
Slovic, P. (1999). Trust, emotion, sex, politics, and science: Surveying the risk-assessment battlefield. Risk Analysis, 19, 689–701.
- 15.
See also (Hollingsworth 2004) in support of this argument, how teams are built at Rockefeller Institute and University in Biomedical research. The research team leader, a professor, makes discretionary decisions on hire within the team, to meet highly specialized competence needs to address specific problems believed to be important in solving the research problems.
- 16.
A parallel case here is the 100 year peace that was forged in Europe, 1814–1914, after the Napoleonic wars where this dual equilibrium was created. See Diplomacy by Kissinger (1994, p. 79).
References
Buchanan, J. M. (1975). A contractarian paradigm for applying economic theory. American Economic Review, 65, 225–230.
Commons, J. R. (1932). Problem of correlating law economics and ethics. Wisconsin Law Review, 8, 3.
Hermerén, G., Kerstin, S., & Sahlin, N.-E. (2013). Trust and confidence in scientific research. Symposium. Kungliga Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.
Hollingsworth, R. (2004). Institutionalizing excellence in biomedical research: The case of Rockefeller University. In D. H. Stapleton (Ed.), Creating a tradition of biomedical research (pp. 17–63). The Rockefeller University Centennial History Conference. New York: The Rockefeller University.
Hollingsworth, J. R. (2007). High cognitive complexity and the making of major scientific discoveries. In A. Sales & M. Fournier (Eds.), Knowledge community creativity (pp. 129–155). London/Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Hollingsworth, R. (2009). The role of institutions and organizations in shaping radical scientific innovation. In L. Magnusson & J. Ottosson (Eds.), The evolution of path dependence (pp. 139–165). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Kissinger, H. (1994). Diplomacy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York: W. W. Norton.
North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 97–112.
Phelps, E. S. (2013). Mass flourishing: How grassroots innovation created jobs, challenge, and change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sahlin, N.-E. (2001). Kreativitetens filosofi. Stockholm: Nya Doxa.
Smith, V. L. (1982). Microeconomic systems as an experimental science. American Economic Review, 72, 923–955.
Smith, V. L. (2008). Rationality in economics: Constructivist and ecological forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ullberg, E. (2009). From personal to impersonal exchange in ideas – experimental study of trade in organized markets for patents. KTH TRITA-TEC-PHD 09-006 180. http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:275372
Williamson, O. E. (2009). Nobel prize lecture – Transaction cost economics: The Natural progression. Nobel Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ullberg, E. (2015). Productivity Versus Creativity. In: Ullberg, E. (eds) New Perspectives on Internationalization and Competitiveness. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11979-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11979-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11978-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-11979-3
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsBusiness and Management (R0)