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Managing Patients with Chronic Pain and Opioid Addiction pp 39–68Cite as

Managing patients with chronic pain and opioid addiction

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Abstract

There are various opioids used to manage chronic (noncancer) pain (CP) and their availability varies depending on each country’s marketing approval status. Some available opioids in the US include: buprenorphine, morphine, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone, meperidine, tramadol, tapentadol, butorphanol tartrate, pentazocine, and levorphanol. Most of the opioids function primarily as full, partial, or mixed mu-receptor agonists with the exception of levorphanol and methadone, which both have effects at the N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor, and tapentadol and tramadol, which both block norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. Opioids are available in different forms, such as oral, intravenous, transdermal (eg, fentanyl and buprenorphine), and transmucosal (eg, buprenorphine, fentanyl, and butorphanol tartrate) delivery routes.

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    Donald R Taylor

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Taylor, D.R. (2015). Managing patients with chronic pain and opioid addiction. In: Managing Patients with Chronic Pain and Opioid Addiction. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08111-3_4

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