Abstract
We can summarize the planning experience of Turkey within the scope of industrial plans of 1930s, development plans within a period of 1960s–1980s, national development plans starting from 1980s, and a transition period to strategic plans of today. Those years were the breaking points of transition in the concept of planning. This study evaluates these breaking points and aims to shed a light upon the transformation and development of planning in Turkey.
Many thanks go to Mr. M. Cüneyd DUZYOL, Deputy Undersecretary of the Ministry of Development
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Notes
- 1.
1950s were named unplanned years in Turkey. Then the Prime Minister thought that there was no need for development plan because the government was preparing national budget each year and this was going to be enough (Türkcan 2010, p. 107).
- 2.
Prof. Tinbergen stated that planner was not illusionist; the planner was the one who worked systematically and made use of technical and statistical data (Türkcan 2010, p. 154).
- 3.
There is no bureaucrat in the High Planning Council at the moment. Representation of bureaucrats was reduced in time. There was a single bureaucrat, the undersecretary of the SPO, as a permanent member of this board until 2011. However, all members of the highest body for planning are politicians now. The former practice was criticized that bringing politicians and bureaucrats as equal members in the HPC politicized bureaucrats (Aslan 1998, p. 106). Those advocating the former practice were stating that not only the number but also the voting rights were equal for the political and bureaucratic members of the HPC; looking from Habermasian perspective, that was basically an arrangement for achieving “scientization of politics,” elevating technical knowledge of experts over the political will (Yılmaz 2003, p. 196).
- 4.
It might be useful to mention an anecdote from one of the former experts of the SPO, Mr. Vehbi Dinçerler. He states “While we were working at the SPO offices in 1964, Prof. Tinbergen came to the sectors branch. We weren’t able to determine which sectors would be given priority of investments, and which would receive incentives first according to scientific rules. After we had explained this to Prof. Tinbergen, we asked him whether he could show us the right way to do this and said ‘which sector are we supposed to give priority?’ He answered our question with a question back: ‘Which sectors are you good at?’ We had only a 30 or 40 sectorwise ‘input and output’ study which did not rely on reliable data. As a matter of fact, scientific data was really weak in 1960s. In other words we used to make planning ‘without any data’. And we had no choice but to base our decisions and provisions on these. Nevertheless, he still wanted to hear our evaluations which had already based on our instincts. I remember some of us listing sectors such as cement, cotton wool, cotton textile products, various construction materials, and some food. And he asked again ‘what are you good at?’ insistently and we replied ‘cement and cotton based textile’. His answer surprised us all as the apprentices of planning. He said ‘keep doing this’. One of the most serious understandings of the early planned years was ‘creating excessive capacity’. We said the opposite: but that would mean excessive capacity. And he answered: That is what I say, there should be excessive capacity and you can make exports; keep doing what you are best at, overproduce it and that is the golden rule. That means keep doing what you are successful in (his words were the repetition of success). There were still some oppositions: ‘our resources are really insufficient; if we continue to allocate our resources this way, our development would not be balanced’. But Prof. Tinbergen ‘understanding of balance is quite different, we should prioritize long term objectives; if you abide by my recommendation; you will have competitive sectors in the international arena. If you open to your economy to the external world, you will also not stay closed’. I applied this theory while doing the incentives: we applied serious tax exemptions in the customs and provided other incentives for excessive capacities in cotton wool and synthetic fibres, etc. in 1974. Businessmen doing investments at the time used to complain about excessive capacity. They might be looking for monopoly partially. But they kept what they were doing. If we make studies about the comparative competitiveness and efficiency analysis of the sectors in which high amount of exports is made by looking at the previous 10 years, would Tinbergen be false? If he is right, then we have an enlightened road: keep repeating the success.”
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Kesik, A. (2015). Development Planning in Turkey: An Assessment. In: Yülek, M. (eds) Economic Planning and Industrial Policy in the Globalizing Economy. Public Administration, Governance and Globalization, vol 13. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06474-1_5
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