Abstract
The necessary steps to build a different city that combines both sustainable development and urban quality include understanding of the events that emerge in different territories, identifying the appropriate actions, policies and finding innovative tools and procedures.
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Notes
- 1.
Analysis has been developed by K. C. Seto, M. Fragkias, B. Güneralp, M. K. Reilly. The study represents the first estimate of how urban areas are growing globally and how they can grow in the future. Results show considerable variation in the rates of urban expansion over the study period, with the highest rates in China followed closely by Southwest Asia. Average rates of urban expansion are lowest for Europe, North America, and Oceania.
- 2.
The 73 % of Europe population lives in urban areas, produces around 80 % of GDP and consumes up to 70 % of the energy.
- 3.
The main activities of the knowledge economy are: high technology, professional services to businesses and individuals, the cultural industry (media, television, cinema, music, cultural tourism), but also productions neo-craft (fashion, design, etc.), services able to answer a question very specialized.
- 4.
Since 2005, sixteen Member States have formally adopted strategy of adaptation: Finland (2005), Spain (2006), France (2007), Hungary (2008), Denmark (2008), The Netherlands (2008), UK (2008), Germany (2008), Sweden (2009), Belgium (2010), Portugal (2010), Switzerland (2012), Malta (2012), Ireland (2012), Austria (2012), Lithuania (2012).Twelve other states are at an advanced stage adoption of a strategy: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.
- 5.
In 1987 was established the Ministry for Urban Areas, which operated until 1993, and the Department for Urban Areas at the Presidency of the Council (experience then died out). Subsequently, some ministries have addressed the problems of urban areas: the Ministry of Infrastructure to Infrastructure, the Ministry of Interior to Security, the Department for Development and Cohesion policies to management of European regional policies (in particular, the program Urban).
- 6.
The selected cities are: Ancona, Bari, Bologna, Catania, Cagliari, Eboli, Erice, Firenze, Foligno, Genova, L’Aquila, Lamezia Terme, Lecce, Matera, Milano, Napoli, Pavia, Pieve Emanuele, Potenza, Reggio Emilia, Rimini, Roma, Settimo Torinese, Taranto, Torino, Trieste, Venezia, Verona.
- 7.
Resilience is understood not only as ability to withstand an external stress, but also to be able to creating new and better conditions because “Resilience is the ability to continue to exist, incorporating the change” (Berkes et al. 2008).
- 8.
The Cities Climate Leadership Group C40 is a network of the world’s megacities taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It was created in 2005 by the Mayor of London Ken Livingstone. C40 harnesses the assets of member cities to address climate risks and impacts locally and globally. C40 now has grown to 63 members.
- 9.
In Italy 70 % of the buildings are over 40 years old and was built with materials and techniques that can be considered obsolete.
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Costantino, D. (2014). Urban Smartness: Tools and Experiences. In: Riva Sanseverino, E., Riva Sanseverino, R., Vaccaro, V., Zizzo, G. (eds) Smart Rules for Smart Cities. SxI - Springer for Innovation / SxI - Springer per l'Innovazione, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06422-2_4
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