Abstract
Radiology plays a major role in the care throughout the life cycle of the liver transplant candidate and recipient. Key diagnostic imaging modalities include ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for surveillance for the liver transplant candidate and for identifying and managing procedural complications related to tumor ablative techniques and transplantation. US generally serves as a screening modality and provides anatomic, or gray-scale, images to assess anatomic structures and Doppler images to evaluate blood flow in structures such as the hepatic artery and portal vein. CT and MRI provide an anatomic overview and are optimally performed with dynamic contrast-enhanced technique to evaluate the liver. While US is the usual screening modality in the pretransplant setting, CT and MRI are favored at some centers and fulfill problem-solving roles. Additionally, US and CT provide guidance for targeted procedures, including biopsy, ablation, and drainage. Catheter-directed therapy is also an important component of the pretransplant care program and includes the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, such as chemotherapeutic agents and radiopharmaceuticals. Imaging plays a pivotal role in detecting posttransplant complications and determining the cause of graft failure, and understanding the modality-specific limitations and capabilities is critical to optimizing outcomes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akin K, Ozturk A, Guvenc Z et al (2006) Localized fluid collections after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 38(2):627–630
Alonso-Torres A, Fernandez-Cuadrado J, Pinilla I et al (2005) Multidetector CT in the evaluation of potential living donors for liver transplantation. Radiographics 25:1017–1030
American College of Radiology (2013) ACR Manual on contrast media, version 9. ISBN 978-1-55903-012-0. Accessed May 2015 from http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PDF/QualitySafety/Resources/Contrast%20Manual/2013_Contrast_Media.pdf
American College of Radiology (2014) Liver imaging reporting and data system version 2014. Accessed June 2015 from http://www.acr.org/Quality-Safety/Resources/LIRADS
Baron RL, Shuman WP, Lee SP et al (1989) MR appearance of gallstones in vitro at 1.5 T: correlation with chemical composition. Am J Roentgenol 153:497–502
Beaty SD, Silva AC, Depetris G (2008) AJR teaching file: incidental hepatic mass. Am J Roentgenol 190:S62–S64
Bennett GL, Krinsky GA, Abitbol RJ, Kim SY, Theise ND, Teperman LW (2002) Sonographic detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in cirrhosis: correlation of pretransplantation sonography and liver explant pathology in 200 patients. Am J Roentgenol 179:75–80
Bhargava P, Vaidya S, Dick AAS et al (2011) Imaging of orthotopic liver transplantation: a review. Am J Roentgenol 196(3):WS15–WS25
Bismpa K, Zlika S, Fouzas I et al (2012) Imaging of complications of liver transplantation: multidetector computed tomography findings. Transplant Proc 44:2751–2753
Boll DT, Merckle EM (2009) Diffuse liver disease: strategies for CT and MR imaging. Radiographics 29(6):1591–1614
Bonekamp S, Kamel I, Solga S et al (2009) Can imaging modalities diagnose and stage hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis accurately? J Hepatol 50:17–35
Borhani AA, Hosseinzadeh K, Almusa O et al (2009) Imaging of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Radiographics 29:981–1000
Braga L, Guller U, Semelka RC (2005) Pre-, peri-, and post-treatment imaging of liver lesions. Radiol Clin North Am 43:915–927
Bruix J, Sherman M (2005) Practice guidelines committee, American association for the study of liver diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 42(5):1208–1236
Bruix J, Sherman M (2011) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 42(5):1208–1236
Caiado AH, Blasbalg R, Marcelino AS et al (2007) Complications of liver transplantation: multimodality imaging approach. Radiographics 27:1401–1417
Chanyaputhipong J, Low S-CA, Chow PKH (2011) Gadoxetate acid-enhanced MR imaging for HCC: a review for clinicians. Int J Hepatol Article ID 489342. doi:10.4061/2011/489342
Choi H, Loyer EM, DuBrow RA, et al (2001) Radiofrequency of liver tumors: assessment of therapeutic response and complications. Radiographics 21(Spec Issue):S41–S54
Choi SH, Han JK, Lee JM et al (2005) Differentiating malignant from benign common bile duct stricture with multiphase CT. Radiology 236:178–183
Chong WK (2004) Ultrasound evaluation of liver transplants. Abdom Imaging 29(2):180–188
Chung YE, Kim M-J, Park PN et al (2009) Varying appearance of cholangiocarcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 29(3):683–700
Clark TWI (2006) Complications of hepatic chemoembolization. Semin Interv Radiol 23(2):119–125
Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G et al (2006) Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 101:513–523
Covey AM, Brody LA, Maluccio MA et al (2002) Variant hepatic arterial anatomy revisited: digital subtraction angiography performed in 600 patients. Radiology 224(2):542–547
Cox GS, Young JR, Gray BR et al (1994) Ultrasound-guided compression repair of postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms: results of treatment in one hundred cases. J Vasc Surg 19:683–686
Crossin JD, Muradali D, Wilson SR (2003) US of liver transplants: normal and abnormal. Radiographics 23:1093–1114
Davenport MS, Cohan RH, Jn E (2015) Contrast media controversies in 2015: imaging patients with renal impairment or risk of contrast reaction. Am J Roentgenol 204:1–8
de Baère T, Risse O, Kuoch V et al (2003) Adverse events during radiofrequency treatment of 582 hepatic tumors. Am J Roentgenol 181(3):695–700
Desai M, Neuberger J (2009) Chronic liver allograft dysfunction. Transplant Proc 4:773–776
Dill T (2008) Contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging. Heart 94:943–948
Dodd GD, Memel DS, Zajko AB et al (1994) Hepatic artery stenosis and thrombosis in transplant recipients: Doppler diagnosis with resistive index and systolic acceleration time. Radiology 192:657–661
Dromain C, de Baere T, Elias D et al (2002) Hepatic tumors treated with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: CT and MR imaging follow-up. Radiology 223:255–262
El Fattach H, Dohan A, Gerrache Y et al (2015) Intrahepatic and hilar mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: qualitative and quantitative evaluation with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Eur J Radiol. Accessed June 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=text&dopt=Medline&uid=26022518
Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL (2000a) Technical refinement in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using right lobe graft. Ann Surg 231(1):126–131
Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL et al (2000b) Safety of donors in live donor liver transplantation using right lobe grafts. Arch Surg 135(3):336–340
Flint EW, Sumkin JH, Zajko AB et al (1988) Duplex sonography of hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 151:481–483
Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C et al (2008) Cirrhosis: prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 47:97–104
Frericks BB, Loddenkemper A, Huppertz A et al (2009) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhotic liver enhancement using Gd-EOB-DTPA. Am J Roentgenol 193(4):1053–1060
Friedewald SM, Molmenti EP, DeJong MR et al (2003) Vascular and nonvascular complications of liver transplants: sonographic evaluation and correlation with other imaging modalities and findings at surgery and pathology. Ultrasound Q 19(2):71–85
Fulcher AS, Turner MA (1999) Orthotopic liver transplantation evaluation with MR cholangiography. Radiology 211:715–722
Fulcher AS, Turner MA, Capps GW (1999) MR cholangiography: technical advances and clinical applications. Radiographics 19:25–41, discussion 41–44
García-Criado A, Gilabert R, Bargalló X et al (2002) Radiology in liver transplantation. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 23:114–129
Garcia-Críado A, Gilabert R, Salmerón JM et al (2003) Significance of and contributing factors for a high resistive index on Doppler sonography of the hepatic artery immediately after surgery: prognostic implications for liver transplant recipients. Am J Roentgenol 181:831–838
Giorgio A, Tarantino L, de Stefano G et al (2005) Complications after percutaneous saline-enhanced radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: 3-year experience with 336 patients at a single center. Am J Roentgenol 184(1):791–796
Girometti R, Como G, Bazzocchi M et al (2014) Post-operative imaging in liver transplantation: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 20(20):6180–6200
Glockner JF, Forauer AR (1999) Vascular or ischemic complications after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 173:1055–1059
Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Compton CC et al (2000) Treatment of intrahepatic malignancy with radiofrequency ablation: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Cancer 88:2452–2463
Goldberg SN, Grassi CJ, Cardella JF et al (2005) Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria. Radiology 235:728–739
Gonzalez HD, Liu ZW, Cashman S et al (2010) Small for size syndrome following living donor and split liver transplantation. World J Gastrointest Surg 2(12):389–394
Goshima S, Kanematsu M, Kondo H et al (2008) Evaluating local hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence post-transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: is diffusion-weighted MRI reliable as an indicator. J Magn Reson Imaging 27:834–839
Granata V, Petrillo M, Fusco et al (2013) Surveillance of HCC patients after liver RFA: role of MRI with hepatospecific contrast versus three-phase CT scan – experience of high volume oncologic institute. Gastroenterol Res Pract, Article ID 469097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/469097. Accessed June 2015 from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2013/469097/
Greif F, Bronsther OL, Van Thiel DH et al (1994) The incidence, timing, and management of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Ann Surg 219(1):40–45
Guibaud L, Bret PM, Reinhold C, Atri M, Barkun AN (1995) Bile duct obstruction and choledocholithiasis: diagnosis with MR cholangiography. Radiology 197:109–115
Gupta AA, Kim DC, Krinsky GA et al (2004) CT and MRI of cirrhosis and its mimics. Am J Roentgenol 183(6):1595–1601
Haberal M (2006) Liver transplantation: experience at our center. Transplant Proc 38:2111–2116
Halefoglu AM (2007) Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a useful tool in the evaluation of pancreatic and biliary disorders. World J Gastroenterol 13(18):2529–2534
Halliday KE, Frazer CK, Ormonde D et al (1997) Intra-abdominal fluid collections after liver transplantation. Australas Radiol 41(2):93–98
Han JK, Choi BI, Kim AY et al (2002) Cholangiocarcinoma: pictorial essay of CT and cholangiographic findings. Radiographics 22(1):173–177
Hoffer FA, Teele RL, Lillehei CW et al (1988) Infected bilomas and hepatic artery thrombosis in infant recipients of liver transplants. Interventional radiology and medical therapy as an alternative to retransplantation. Radiology 169:435
Howenstein MJ, Sato KT (2010) Complications of radiofrequency ablation of hepatic, pulmonary, and renal neoplasms. Semin Intervent Radiol 27(3):285–295
Ingraham CR, Johnson GE, Nair AV et al (2011) Nontarget embolization complicating transarterial chemoembolization in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Intervent Radiol 28(2):202–206
Ishfuro M, Horiguchi J, Nakashige A et al (2002) Use of multidetector row CT with volume renderings in right lobe liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 12:2477–2483
Ito K, Siegelman ES, Stolpen AH et al (2000) MR imaging of complications after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 175:1145–1149
Ito K, Mitchell DG, Siegelman ES (2002) Cirrhosis: MR imaging features. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 10:75–92
Itri JN, Heller MT, Tublin ME (2013) Hepatic transplantation: postoperative complications. Abdom Imaging 38:1300–1333
Kaplan SB, Zajko AB, Koneru B (1990) Hepatic bilomas due to hepatic artery thrombosis in liver transplant recipients: percutaneous drainage and clinical outcome. Radiology 174:1031
Kele PG, van der Jagt EJ (2010) Diffusion weighted imaging in the liver. World J Gastroenterol 16:1567–1576
Kelm M, Perings SM, Jax T et al (2002) Incidence and clinical outcome of iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistulas. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(2):291–297
Kentarci M, Pirimoglu B, Karabulut N et al (2013) Non-invasive detection of biliary leaks using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR cholangiography: comparison with T2-weighted MR cholangiography. Eur Radiol 23(10):2713–2722
Kim SK, Lim HK, Kim YH et al (2003) Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: spectrum of imaging findings. Radiographics 23:107–121
Kim SH, Kim SH, Lee J et al (2009) Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI versus triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol 192(6):1675–1681
Kloeckner R, Otto G, Biesterfeld S et al (2010) MDCT versus MRI assessment of tumor response after transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 33:532–540
Krueger K, Zaehringer M, Strohe D et al (2005) Postcatheterization pseudoaneurysm: results of US-guided percutaneous thrombin injection in 240 patients. Radiology 236:1104–1110
La Perna L, Olin JW, Goines D et al (2000) Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection for the treatment of postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms. Circulation 102:2391–2395
Lang P, Schnarkowski P, Grampp S et al (1995) Liver transplantation: significance of the periportal collar on MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:580–585
Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ et al (1991) Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Surg 161:76–83
Lerut JP, Gordon RD, Iwatsuki S et al (1988) Human orthotopic liver transplantation: surgical aspects in 393 consecutive grafts. Transplant Proc 20:603–606
Lev-Toaff AS, Friedman AC, Cohen LM et al (1987) Hepatic infarcts: new observations by CT and sonography. Am J Roentgenol 149(1):87–90
Lim HK, Choi D, Lee WJ et al (2001) Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: evaluation with follow-up multiphase helical CT. Radiology 221:447–454
Limanond P, Zimmerman P, Rama SS et al (2003) Interpretation of CT and MRI after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic malignancies. Am J Roentgenol 181:1635–1640
Lin T-S, Chiang Y-C, Chen C-L et al (2009) Intimal dissection of the hepatic artery following transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: an intraoperative problem in adult living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 15:1553–1556
Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF et al (2002) Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 226(2):441–451
Lucey MR, Torrault N, Ojo L et al (2012) Long-term management of the successful adult liver transplant: 2012 practice guideline by the AASLD and the American Society of Transplantation. AASLD Pract Guidel. Accessed May 2015 from https://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/managementadultltenhanced.pdf
Majeed AW, Ross B, Johnson AG et al (1999) Common duct diameter as an independent predictor of choledocholithiasis: is it useful? Clin Radiol 54:170–172
Marin D, Di Martino M, Guerrisi A et al (2009) Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: qualitative comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging and multiphasic 64-section CT. Radiology 251(1):85–95
Martin P, DiMartini A, Feng S et al (2013) Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practice guideline by the AASLD and the American Society of Transplantation. AASLD Pract Guidel. Accessed May 2015 from https://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/guideline_documents/evaluationadultltenhanced.pdf
Masaaki A, Koga H, Kato N et al (2005) Complications of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepato-cellular carcinoma: imaging spectrum and management. Radiographics 25(issue suppl 1):S57–S68
McEvoy SH, McCarthy CJ, Lavelle LP et al (2013) Hepatocellular carcinoma: illustrated guide to systematic radiologic diagnosis and staging according to guidelines of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Radiographics 33(6):1653–1668
McGahan JP, Goldberg BB (2008) Diagnostic ultrasound, 2nd ed. Informa Healthcare, New York, NY. ISBN: 1420069780
Morani AC, Elsayes KM, Liu PS et al (2013) Abdominal applications of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: where do we stand? World J Radiol 5(3):68–80
Mortelé K, Ros P (2001) Cystic focal liver lesions in the adult: differential CT and MR imaging features. Radiographics 21(4):895–910
Nandalur KR, Hussain HK, Weadock WJ et al (2008) Possible biliary disease: diagnostic performance of high-spatial-resolution isotropic 3D T2-weighted MRCP. Radiology 249(3):883–890
Nemcek AA (2009) Complications of radiofrequency ablation of neoplasms. Semin Intervent Radiol 23(2):177–187
Neuberger J (2005) Chronic allograft dysfunction: diagnosis and management. Is it always progressive? Liver Transpl 11(Suppl 2):S63–S68
Nghiem HV (1998) Imaging of hepatic transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am 36:429–443
Nghiem HV, Tran K, Winter TC III et al (1996) Imaging of complications in liver transplantation. Radiographics 16:825–840
O’Neill M, Rosenkrantz J, Salsamendi J et al (2013) Diagnosis and endovascular treatment of common vascular complications in the post liver transplant patient: a pictorial essay. Vasc Dis Manage 10(9):E170–E178
Özkavukcu E, Haliloğlu N, Erden A (2009) Post-treatment MRI findings of hepatocellular carcinoma. Diagn Interv Radiol 15:111–120
Park MS, Kim TK, Kim KW et al (2004) Differentiation of extrahepatic bile duct cholangiocarcinoma from benign stricture: findings at MRCP versus ERCP. Radiology 233:234–240
Park MP, Kim WS, Bae I-H et al (2012) Common duct dilatation after cholecystectomy: a one-year prospective study. J Korea Surg Soc 83(2):97–101
Pomfret EA, Pomposelli JJ, Lewis WD et al (2001) Live donor adult liver transplantation using right lobe grafts. Arch Surg 126:425–433
Power N, Bent C, Chan O (2007) Imaging of cystic liver lesions in the adult. Appl Radiol. Accessed June 2015 from http://www.appliedradiology.com/articles/imaging-of-cystic-liver-lesions-in-the-adult
Quiroga S, Sebastià MC, Margarit C et al (2001) Complications of orthotopic liver transplantation: spectrum of findings with helical CT. Radiographics 21:1085–1102
Reed RA, Teitelbaum GP, Daniels JR et al (1994) Prevalence of infection following hepatic chemoembolization with cross-linked collagen with administration of prophylactic antibiotics. J Vasc Interv Radiol 5:367–371
Regan F, Fradin J, Khazan R et al (1996) Choledocholithiasis: evaluation with MR cholangiography. Am J Roentgenol 167:1441–1445
Roth CG (2012) Fundamentals of body MRI. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia
Saad NEA, Saad WEA, Davies MG et al (2005) Pseudoaneurysms and the role of minimally invasive techniques in their management. Radiographics 25:S173–S189
Sainani NI, Catalano OA, Holalkere N-S et al (2008) Cholangiocarcinoma; current and novel imaging techniques. Radiographics 28(5):1263–1287
Sainani NI, Gervais DA, Mueller PR et al (2013) Imaging after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors: Part 2, abnormal findings. Am J Roentgenol 200(1):194–204
Sandrasegaran K, Ramaswamy R, Ghosh S et al (2011) Diffusion-weighted MRI of the transplanted liver. Clin Radiol 66:820–825
Schraml C, Schwenzer NF, Martirosian P et al (2009) Diffusion-weighted MRI of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma during sorafenib treatment: initial results. Am J Roentgenol 193:W301–W307
Shanbhogue AKP, Tirumani SH, Prasad SR et al (2011) Biliary strictures: a current comprehensive clinical and imaging review. Am J Roentgenol 197(2):W295–W306
Shea JA, Berlin JA, Escarce JJ et al (1994) Revised estimates of diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity in suspected biliary tract disease. Arch Intern Med 154(22):2573–2581
Shibata T, Itoh K, Kubo T et al (2005) Percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilation of portal venous stenosis in patients with living donor liver transplantation. Radiology 235(3):1078–1083
Shigemura T, Yamamoto F, Shilpakar SK et al (1995) MR differential diagnosis of intrahepatic biloma from subacute hematoma. Abdom Imaging 20(3):211–213
Singal A, Volk ML, Waljee A et al (2009) Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 30(1):37–47
Singh AK, Nachiappan AC, Verma HA et al (2010) Postoperative imaging in liver transplantation: what radiologists should know. Radiographics 30:339–351
Singh A, Gelrud A, Agarwal B (2014) Biliary strictures: considerations and approach. Gastroenterol Rep, doi:10.1093/gastro/gou072. Accessed June 2015 from http://gastro.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/10/28/gastro.gou072.full.pdf+html
Smith S, Gillams A (2008) Imaging appearances following thermal ablation. Clin Radiol 63:1–11
Soto JA, Alvarez O, Lopera JE et al (2000) Biliary obstruction: findings at MR cholangiography. Radiographics 20:353–366
Stott MA, Farrands PA, Guyer PB et al (1991) Ultrasound of the common bile duct in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. J Clin Ultrasound 19:73–76
Sugiyama M, Atomi Y (1997) Endoscopic ultrasonography for diagnosing choledocholithiasis: a prospective comparative study with ultrasonography and computed tomography. Gastrointest Endosc 45:143–146
Tchelepi H, Ralls PW, Radin R et al (2002) Sonography of diffuse liver disease. JUM 21(9):1023–1032
Thabet A, Kalva S, Gervais DA (2008) Percutaneous image-guided therapy of intra-abdominal malignancy: imaging evaluation of treatment response. Abdom Imaging 33(6):695–706
Torabi M, Hosseinzadeh K, Federle MP (2008) CT of nonneoplastic hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders. Radiographics 28(7):1967–1982
Tsai HM, Lin XZ, Chen CY et al (2004) MRI of gallstones with different compositions. Am J Roentgenol 182:1513–1519
Uzochukwu LN, Bluth EI, Smetherman DH et al (2005) Early postoperative hepatic sonography as a predictor of vascular and biliary complications in adult orthotopic liver transplant patients. Am J Roentgenol 185(6):1558–1570
Vit A, De Candia A, Como G et al (2003) Doppler evaluation of arterial complications of adult orthotopic liver transplantation. J Clin Ultrasound 31:339–345
Webber GW, Jang J, Gustavson S et al (2007) Contemporary management of postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms. Circulation 115:2666–2674
Weinmann EE, Chayen D, Kobzantzev ZV et al (2002) Treatment of postcatheterisation false aneurysms: ultrasound-guided compression vs ultrasound-guided thrombin injection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23:68–72
Williams RS, Alissa AA, Karani JB et al (2003) Adult-to-adult living donor transplantation: UK experience. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:7–14
Wozney P, Zajko AB, Bron KM et al (1986) Vascular complications after liver transplantation: a 5-year experience. Am J Roentgenol 147:657–663
Yeh BM, Liu PS, Soto JA et al (2009) MR imaging and CT of the biliary tract. Radiographics 29(6):1669–1688
Yin M, Talwalkar J, Glaser K et al (2007) Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5:1207–1213
Young SA, Sfakianakis GN, Pyrsopoulos N et al (2003) Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in liver transplant patients: the “blind end sign” and its differentiation from bile leak. Clin Nucl Med 28(8):638–642
Yu JS, Kim JH, Chung JJ et al (2009) Added value of diffusion-weighted imaging in the MRI assessment of perilesional tumor recurrence after chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging 30:153–160
Zemel G, Zajko AB, Skolnick ML et al (1988) The role of sonography and transhepatic cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol 151(5):943–946
Zoepf T, Maldonado-Lopez EJ, Hilgard P et al (2005) Diagnosis of biliary strictures after liver transplantation: which is the best tool? World J Gastroenterol 11(19):2945–2948
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Roth, C.G., Guglielmo, F.G., Deshmukh, S.P., Mitchell, D.G. (2015). Radiology in Liver Transplantation. In: Doria, C. (eds) Contemporary Liver Transplantation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05543-5_22-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05543-5_22-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05543-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Radiology in Liver Transplantation- Published:
- 26 September 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05543-5_22-3
-
Radiology in Liver Transplantation
- Published:
- 28 November 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05543-5_22-2
-
Original
Radiology in Liver Transplantation- Published:
- 15 October 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05543-5_22-1