Abstract
Of the 11 extraordinary cyphering books considered in this volume, George Bickham’s was the only one that was specifically prepared for sale to others. We do not know how many copies of this book were printed, but we do know that the copy which we now hold is one of very few which remain. Bickham was a writing master who was regarded, in his time, as one of world’s best penman. As was usually the case with writing masters, he paid much attention to the kind of writing and calligraphy needed to prepare a strikingly beautiful cyphering book, and this book provides testimony to that fact. However, there are hardly any model examples, or exercises for the student to do. The emphasis seemed to be on form rather than mathematical substance, and the language of commercial arithmetic is strongly emphasized. As would have been expected, topics are presented according to the normal abbaco sequence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, D. (1822). The scholar’s arithmetic—Or Federal accountant. Keene, NH: John Prentiss.
Ayres, J. (1682). Arithmetick and writing. London, United Kingdom: Author.
Beaujouan, G. (1988). The place of Nicolas Chuquet in a typology of 15th French arithmetics. In C. Hay (Ed.), Mathematics from manuscript to print 1300–1600 (pp. 73–88). Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
Benoit, P. (1988). The commercial arithmetic of Nicolas Chuquet. In C. Hay (Ed.), Mathematics from manuscript to print 1300-1600 (pp. 96–116). Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
Bickham, G. (The Elder) (c. 1740). Youth’s instructor in the art of numbers. Cyphering book: In which is shown variety of penmanship & command of hand. Engrav’d for the use of schools. London, United Kingdom: William and Cluer Dicey.
Bickham, G. (Ed.). (1743). The universal penman. London, United Kingdom: Henry Overton.
Brown, J. C., & Coffman, L. D. (1914). How to teach arithmetic: A manual for teachers and a text-book for normal schools. Chicago, IL: Row Peterson and Company.
Cajori, F. (1907). A history of elementary mathematics with hints on methods of teaching. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
Carlo, P. W. (2005). Huguenot refugees in colonial New York: Becoming American in the Hudson Valley. Brighton, United Kingdom: Sussex Academic Press.
Carpenter, C. (1963). History of American schoolbooks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Champion, R. J. (1747). The tutor’s assistant in teaching arithmetic. London, United Kingdom: Author.
Christ’s Hospital (1595). Dame Mary Ramsey’s gift: Deeds relating to the maintenance by the Governors of Christ’s Hospital of a grammar school in Halstead, Essex. Reference Code CLC/210/G/BRB/041/MS13583. (Document held in LMA, London, United Kingdom).
Clark, K. M. (2013). “In these numbers we use no fractions”: A Classroom Module on Stevin's Decimal Fractions. MathDL (The MAA Mathematical Sciences Digital Library).
Cocker, E. (1664). The tutor to writing and arithmetic. London, United Kingdom. H. Tracy.
Cocker, E. (1684/1720). Decimal arithmetic, wherein is shewed the nature and use of decimal fractions in the usual rules of arithmetic, … (5th ed.). London, United Kingdom: J. Darby for M. Wellington.
Colson, J. (1736). An arithmetical copy-book. London, United Kingdom: Author.
Cremin, L. A. (1970). American education: The colonial experience 1607–1783. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Cubberley, E. P. (1920). The history of education. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Ellerton, N. F., & Clements, M. A. (2012). Rewriting the history of school mathematics in North America 1607–1861. New York, NY: Springer.
Ellerton, N. F., & Clements, M. A. (2013, September). The mathematics of decimal fractions and their introduction into British and North America schools. Paper presented to the Third International Conference on the History of Mathematics Education held at Uppsala University Sweden, September 25–28, 2013.
Freeman, F. N. (1913). Writing. In P. Monroe (Ed.), A cyclopedia of education (Vol. 5, pp. 819–827). New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
Heal, A. (1931). The English writing-masters and their copy-books 1570–1800. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Hodder, J. (1714). Hodder’s arithmetic or that necessary art made most easie (520th ed.). London, United Kingdom: M. Boddington.
Howson, G. (1982). A history of mathematics education in England. Cambridge, United Kingdom: C.U.P.
Hutton, C. (1764). Schoolmaster’s guide: Or a complete system of practical arithmetic adapted to the use of schools. Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom: J. White and T. Saint.
Ifrah, G. (2000). The universal history of numbers from prehistory to the invention of the computer. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Jackson, L. L. (1906). The educational significance of sixteenth century arithmetic. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Jefferson, T. (1784). Notes on the establishment of a money unit and of a coinage for the United States. Handwritten manuscript held in the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Jefferson, T. (1785). Notes on the establishment of a money unit and of a coinage for the United States. Paris, France: Author.
Jenkins, J. (1813). The art of writing. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Author.
Johnson, H. (1719). New treatise of practical arithmetic (4th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Thomas Wood.
Karpinski, L. C. (1925). The history of arithmetic. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally & Company.
Kersey, J. (1683). Mr Wingate’s arithmetick, … (8th ed.). London, United Kingdom: J. Williams.
Kool, M. (1999). Die conste vanden getale. Een studie van Nederlandstalige rekenboeken uit de vijftiende en zestiende eeuw, met een glossarium van rekenkundige termen [The art of numbers. A study of Dutch arithmetic books of the 15th and 16th century, with a glossary of arithmetical terms]. Hilversum, The Netherlands: University College.
Massey, W. (1763). The origin and progress of letters. London, United Kingdom: Johnson.
Monaghan, E. J. (2007). Learning to read and write in colonial America. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Monroe, W. S. (1917). Development of arithmetic as a school subject. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Reynolds, B. E. (1993). The algorists vs the abacists: An ancient controversy on the use of calculators. The College Mathematics Journal, 24(3), 218–223.
Simons, L. G. (1924). Introduction of algebra into American schools in the 18th century. Washington, DC: Department of the Interior Bureau of Education.
Small, W. H. (1914). Early New England schools. Boston, MA: Ginn.
Smith, D. E. (1925). History of mathematics: Volume II, Special topics of elementary mathematics. Boston, MA: Ginn and Company.
Smith, E. B. (2005). “Let them compleately learn”: Manuscript clues about early women’s educational practices. In A manuscript miscellany, Summer 2005 Institute. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University Press.
Struik, D. J. (1987). A concise history of mathematics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Dover.
Swetz, F. (1987). Capitalism and arithmetic: The new math of the 15th century. La Salle, IL: Open Court.
Thornton, T. P. (1996). Handwriting in America: A cultural history. New Haven, CT: Yale U.P.
Trollope, W. (1834). A history of the royal foundation of Christ’s Hospital. London, United Kingdom: Pickering.
Unger, F. (1888). Die methodik der praktischen arithmetick. Leipsic, Germany: Teubner.
University of Pennsylvania (1749–1768). Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania 1740–1900, Vol. 1 (1749–1768). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Archives.
Venema, P. (1730). Arithmetica of Cyffer-Konst, volgens de Munten Maten en Gewigten, te Nieu-York, gebruykelyk als mede een kort Ontwerp van de Algebra. New York, NY: Jacob Goelet.
Watson, F. (1902). The curriculum and text-books of English schools in the first half of the 17th century. Transactions of the Bibliographical Society VI (Oct 1900–March 1902) (pp. 159–179). London, United Kingdom: Blades, East & Blades.
Wingate, E. (1671). The clark’s tutor for arithmetick and writing, or, a plain and easie way of arithmetick. London, United Kingdom: Stephens and Meredith.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ellerton, N.F., Clements, M.A.(. (2014). Writing as if Arithmeticke: George Bickham’s Cyphering Book, Circa 1740. In: Abraham Lincoln’s Cyphering Book and Ten other Extraordinary Cyphering Books. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02502-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02502-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02501-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02502-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)