Abstract
Complete monetary unification in Africa is theoretically supported by the possibility of ex-post endogeneity of meeting optimum currency areas(OCA)criteria. Such endogeneity, if true, should already be reflected in decades-old existing African monetary unions, created without members meeting OCA criteria. This study redefines endogenous OCA criteria of regional arrangements as steady improvement in OCA criteria calculated for members relative to third countries and investigates such endogeneity benefits by analyzing the structural symmetry of business cycles between countries in a three-step process. First we test classical business cycles for increased similarity, using a sample of 60 countries with no a priori on the connection between those countries. Second, we analyze the transmission of deviation cycles among mix of countries using a vector autoregressive model. Finally, we check the strength of the bond among countries by looking at the connection between pairs of series of deviation cycles. We find that business cycles of countries in existing African monetary areas have not grown more homogenous, and that the bond among members of existing unions in Africa has mostly grown weaker than that between these same individual countries and their major trade partners.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agbeyegbe TD (2008) On the feasibility of a monetary union in the Southern Africa Development Community. Int J Finance Econ 13(2):150–157
Ayhan Kose M, Otrok C, Whiteman CH (2008) Understanding the evolution of world business cycles. J Int Econ 75(1):110–130
Bangake C (2008) Exchange rate volatility and optimum currency area: evidence from Africa. Econ Bull 6(12):1–10
Baxter M, Kouparitsas MA (2005) Determinants of business cycle comovement: a robust analysis. J Monet Econ 52(1):113–157
Baxter M, Stockman AC (1989) Business cycles and the exchange-rate regime: some international evidence. J Monet Econ 23(3):377–400
Bayoumi T, Eichengreen B (1997a) Ever closer to heaven? An optimum-currency-area index for European countries. Eur Econ Rev 41(3–5): 761–770. Paper and proceedings of the eleventh annual congress of the European economic association.
Bayoumi T, Ostry JD (1997b) Macroeconomic shocks and trade flows within Sub-Saharan Africa: implications for optimum currency arrangements. J Afr Econ 6(3):412–444
Buigut SK, Valev NT (2005) Is the proposed East African monetary union an optimal currency area? A structural vector autoregression analysis. World Dev 33(12):2119–2133
Carrere C (2004) African regional agreements: impact on trade with or without currency unions. J Afr Econ 13(2):199–239
Carmignani F (2003) The road to regional integration in Africa: macroeconomic convergence and performance in COMESA. Working papers no 67, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, December 2003
Carmignani F (2009) Endogenous optimal currency areas: the case of the central African economic and monetary community. Discussion papers series 390, School of Economics, University of Queensland, 2009
Cobham D, Robson P (1994) Monetary integration in Africa: a deliberately European perspective. World Dev 22(3):285–299
Darvas Z, Szapáry G (2008) Business cycle synchronization in the enlarged EU. Open Econ Rev 19(1):1–19
Devarajan S, de Melo J (1987) Evaluating participation in African monetary unions: a statistical analysis of the CFA zones. World Dev 15(4):483–496
Devarajan S, Rodrik D (1991) Do the benefits of fixed exchange rates outweigh their costs? The franc zone in Africa. Policy research working paper series 777, The World Bank, October 1991
Diebold FX, Rudebusch GD (1996) Measuring business cycles: a modern perspective. The Rev Econ Stat 78(1):67–77
Eichengreen B, Obstfeld M, Spaventa L (1990) One money for Europe? Lessons from the us currency union. Econ Policy 5(10):117–187
Eickmeier S (2007) Business cycle transmission from the US to Germany–A structural factor approach. Eur Econ Rev 51(3):521–551
Fielding D, Lee K, Shields K (2004) The characteristics of macroeconomic shocks in the CFA franc zone. Working papers UNU-WIDER research paper, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER), 2004
Frankel JA, Rose AK (1996) The endogeneity of the optimum currency area criteria. Working paper 5700, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1996
Frankel J, Schmukler SL, Serven L (2004) Global transmission of interest rates: monetary independence and currency regime. J Int Money Finance 23(5):701–733
Guillaume DM, Stasavage D (2000) Improving policy credibility: is there a case for African monetary unions? World Dev 28(8):1391–1407
Honohan P, Lane PR (2000) Will the Euro trigger more monetary unions in Africa? Policy research working paper series 2393, The World Bank, July 2000
Houssa R (2008) Monetary union in West Africa and asymmetric shocks: a dynamic structural factor model approach. J Dev Econ 85(1–2):319–347
Karras G (2007) Is Africa an optimum currency area? A comparison of macroeconomic costs and benefits. J Afr Econ 16(2):234–258
Khamfula Y, Huizinga H (2004) The Southern African development community: suitable for a monetary union? J Dev Econ 73(2):699–714
Leamer EE (1983) Let’s take the con out of econometrics. Am Econ Rev 73(1):31–43
Masha I, Shirono K, Harris L, Jian-Ye Wang. The common monetary area in Southern Africa: shocks, adjustment, and policy challenges. IMF working papers 07/158, International Monetary Fund, July 2007
Masson PR (2006) New monetary unions in Africa. Economie internationale 107:87–105
Masson PR, Pattillo CA (2001) Monetary union in West Africa (ECOWAS). IMF occasional papers 204, International Monetary Fund, February 2001
Masson PR, Pattillo CA (2005) The monetary geography of Africa. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC
Meissner CM, Oomes N (2009) Why do countries peg the way they peg? The determinants of anchor currency choice. J Int Money Finance 28(3):522–547
Mink M, Jacobs J, de Haan J (2007) Measuring synchronicity and co-movement of business cycles with an application to the Euro area. CESifo working paper series CESifo working paper no, CESifo Group Munich, 2007
Moneta F, Ruffer R (2009) Business cycle synchronisation in East Asia. J Asian Econ 20(1):1–12. Fabio Moneta and Rasmus Ruffer
Nyembwe A, Kholodilin K (2005) North–south asymmetric relationships: does the EMU business cycle affect small African economies. Technical report, ULB working paper 2005–32, 2005
Rand J, Tarp F (2002) Business cycles in developing countries: are they different? World Dev 30(12):2071–2088
Randles RH, Fligner MA, Policello GE, Wolfe DA (1980) An asymptotically distribution-free test for symmetry versus asymmetry. J Am Stat Assoc 75:168–172
Ravn MO, Uhlig H (2002) On adjusting the Hodrick-Prescott filter for the frequency of observations. Open Access publications from University College London http://discovery.ucl.ac.u, University College London, May 2002
Razzak WA (2001) Business cycle asymmetries: international evidence. Rev Econ Dyn 4(1):230–243
Rose AK (2000) One money, one market: the effect of common currencies on trade. Econ Policy 15(30):7–46
Savva CS, Neanidis KC, Osborn DR (2010) Business cycle synchronization of the Euro area with the new and negotiating member countries. Int J Finance Econ 15(3):288–306
Tapsoba S (2009) Trade intensity and business cycle synchronicity in Africa. J Afr Econ 18(2):287–318
Wang J, Masha I, Shirono K, Harris L (2007) The common monetary area in Southern Africa: shocks, adjustment, and policy challenges. International Monetary Fund working paper 158, IMF
Yehoue ÉB (2006) The CFA arrangements: more than just an aid substitute? Écon Int 107:107–133
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kemegue, F.M., Seck, O. (2014). Do African Monetary Arrangements Make Sense? Evidence Based on Structural Symmetry. In: Seck, D. (eds) Regional Economic Integration in West Africa. Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01282-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01282-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-01281-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-01282-7
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)