Skip to main content
  • 82 Accesses

Abstract

Musculoskeletal pain management is evolving rapidly alongside evidence for use of autologous orthobiologics. Interventionalists have the skillsets to precisely deliver platelet-rich plasma (PRP), bone marrow concentrate (BMC), and adipose tissue concentrate (ATC) with image-guided injections. These treatments are potential catalysts in plans designed to aid tissue repair, decrease pain, and improve function. Slight variations in preparation can lead to vastly different PRP formulations, but the lack of standard preparation protocols continues to be an area of concern.

In this chapter, we will review PRP anatomy and physiology, and compare various bioformulations and their use for various clinical indications. The goals are to establish a clear understanding of the various PRP products and preparations so readers can confidently critique published research and apply this knowledge to appropriately use PRP in the clinical setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cunin P, Nigrovic PA. Megakaryocytes as immune cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2019;105:1111–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Blair P, Flaumenhaft R. Platelet alpha-granules: basic biology and clinical correlates. Blood Rev. 2009;23:177–89.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Everts PA, Knape JT, Weibrich G, et al. Platelet-rich plasma and platelet gel: a review. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2006;38:174–87.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Heijnen H, van der Sluijs P. Platelet secretory behaviour: as diverse as the granules … or not? J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:2141–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Feghhi S, Sniadecki NJ. Mechanobiology of platelets: techniques to study the role of fluid flow and platelet retraction forces at the micro- and nano-scale. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12:9009–30.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Guo S, Dipietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res. 2010;89:219–29.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Martin KE, García AJ. Macrophage phenotypes in tissue repair and the foreign body response: implications for biomaterial-based regenerative medicine strategies. Acta Biomater. 2021;133:4–16.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Centeno CJ, Pastoriza SM. Past, current and future interventional orthobiologics techniques and how they relate to regenerative rehabilitation: a clinical commentary. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2020;15:301–25.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Marx RE. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): what is PRP and what is not PRP? Implant Dent. 2001;10:225–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Giusti I, Rughetti A, D'Ascenzo S, et al. Identification of an optimal concentration of platelet gel for promoting angiogenesis in human endothelial cells. Transfusion. 2009;49:771–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bansal H, Leon J, Pont JL, et al. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in osteoarthritis (OA) knee: correct dose critical for long term clinical efficacy. Sci Rep. 2021;11:3971. Erratum in: Sci Rep 2021; 11:18612.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Centeno C, Markle J, Dodson E, et al. The use of lumbar epidural injection of platelet lysate for treatment of radicular pain. J Exp Orthop. 2017;4:38.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Kubrova E, Martinez Alvarez GA, Her YF, et al. Platelet rich plasma and platelet-related products in the treatment of radiculopathy—a systematic review of the literature. Biomedicine. 2022;10:2813.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen X, Jones IA, Park C, et al. The efficacy of platelet-rich plasma on tendon and ligament healing: a systematic review and meta-analysis with bias assessment. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46:2020–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim JH, Park YB, Ha CW, et al. Adverse reactions and clinical outcomes for leukocyte-poor versus leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9:23259671211011948.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Navani A, Manchikanti L, Albers SL, et al. Responsible, safe, and effective use of biologics in the management of low back pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines. Pain Physician. 2019;22:S1–S74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Noroozian M, Raeesi S, Hashemi R, et al. Pain: the neglect issue in old people’s life. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018;6:1773–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. TramÅ› E, Malesa K, Pomianowski S, et al. Role of platelets in osteoarthritis-updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the role of platelet-rich plasma in osteoarthritis. Cell. 2022;11:1080.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Arirachakaran A, Sukthuayat A, Sisayanarane T, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus autologous blood versus steroid injection in lateral epicondylitis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Orthop Traumatol. 2016;17:101–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ladurner A, Fitzpatrick J, O'Donnell JM. Treatment of gluteal tendinopathy: a systematic review and stage-adjusted treatment recommendation. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9:23259671211016850.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Coulange Zavarro A, De Girolamo L, Laver L, et al. The top 100 most cited articles on platelet-rich plasma use in regenerative medicine-a bibliometric analysis-from the ESSKA Orthobiologic initiative. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022;9:580.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Schippinger G, Prüller F, Divjak M, et al. Autologous platelet-rich plasma preparations: influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on platelet function. Orthop J Sports Med. 2015;3:2325967115588896.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Kao DS, Zhang SW, Vap AR. A systematic review on the effect of common medications on platelet count and function: which medications should be stopped before getting a platelet-rich plasma injection? Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10:23259671221088820.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Lampron MC, Desbiens-Tremblay C, Loubaki L. In vitro exposure of whole blood to a cannabinoid mixture impairs the quality of red blood cells and platelets. Blood Transfus. 2023;21:240–50.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Dhurat R, Sukesh M. Principles and methods of preparation of platelet-rich plasma: a review and author’s perspective. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014;7:189–97.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Fadadu PP, Mazzola AJ, Hunter CW, et al. Review of concentration yields in commercially available platelet-rich plasma (PRP) systems: a call for PRP standardization. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019:rapm-2018-100356.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rossi LA, Piuzzi N, Giunta D, et al. Subacromial platelet-rich plasma injections decrease pain and improve functional outcomes in patients with refractory rotator cuff tendinopathy. Arthroscopy. 2021;37:2745–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Dashore S, Chouhan K, Nanda S, et al. Preparation of platelet-rich plasma: national IADVL PRP taskforce recommendations. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2021;12:S12–23.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Collins T, Alexander D, Barkatali B. Platelet-rich plasma: a narrative review. EFORT Open Rev. 2021;6:225–35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Muthu S, Krishnan A, Ramanathan KR. Standardization and validation of a conventional high yield platelet-rich plasma preparation protocol. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;82:104593.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Perez AG, Lana JF, Rodrigues AA, Luzo AC, Belangero WD, Santana MH. Relevant aspects of centrifugation step in the preparation of platelet-rich plasma. ISRN Hematol. 2014;2014:176060.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Magalon J, Brandin T, Francois P, et al. Technical and biological review of authorized medical devices for platelets-rich plasma preparation in the field of regenerative medicine. Platelets. 2021;32:200–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Roh YH, Kim W, Park KU, Oh JH. Cytokine-release kinetics of platelet-rich plasma according to various activation protocols. Bone Joint Res. 2016;5:37–45.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Everts PA, Mazzola T, Mautner K, Randelli PS, Podesta L. Modifying orthobiological PRP therapies are imperative for the advancement of treatment outcomes in musculoskeletal pathologies. Biomedicine. 2022;10:2933.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Cavallo C, Roffi A, Grigolo B, et al. Platelet-rich plasma: the choice of activation method affects the release of bioactive molecules. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:6591717.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Peterson LJ. Dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;86:1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Giusti I, D'Ascenzo S, Macchiarelli G, Dolo V. In vitro evidence supporting applications of platelet derivatives in regenerative medicine. Blood Transfus. 2020;18:117–29.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Godoi TTF, Rodrigues BL, Huber SC, et al. Platelet-rich plasma gel matrix (PRP-GM): description of a new technique. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022;9:817.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Chen X, Jones IA, Togashi R, Park C, Vangsness CT Jr. Use of platelet-rich plasma for the improvement of pain and function in rotator cuff tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis with bias assessment. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48:2028–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Everts P, Onishi K, Jayaram P, Lana JF, Mautner K. Platelet-rich plasma: new performance understandings and therapeutic considerations in 2020. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:7794.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Everts PA, Sadeghi P, Smith DR. Basic science of autologous orthobiologics. Part 1. Platelet-rich plasma. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2023;34:1–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lana JFSD, Purita J, Paulus C, et al. Contributions for classification of platelet rich plasma—proposal of a new classification: MARSPILL. Regen Med. 2017;12:565–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Magalon J, Chateau AL, Bertrand B, et al. DEPA classification: a proposal for standardising PRP use and a retrospective application of available devices. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2016;2:e000060.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Cognasse F, Laradi S, Berthelot P, et al. Platelet inflammatory response to stress. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1478.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Morrell CN, Aggrey AA, Chapman LM, Modjeski KL. Emerging roles for platelets as immune and inflammatory cells. Blood. 2014;123:2759–67.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Santos SCNDS, Sigurjonsson ÓE, Custódio CA, Mano JFCDL. Blood plasma derivatives for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine therapies. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2018;24:454–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Anitua E, Prado R, Padilla S. Evolutionary insight into immunothrombosis as a healing mechanism. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:8346.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. D'asta F, Halstead F, Harrison P, Zecchi Orlandini S, Moiemen N, Lord J. The contribution of leucocytes to the antimicrobial activity of platelet-rich plasma preparations: a systematic review. Platelets. 2018;29:9–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lana JF, Macedo A, Ingrao ILG, Huber SC, Santos GS, Santana MHA. Leukocyte-rich PRP for knee osteoarthritis: current concepts. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2019;10:S179–82.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Ogle ME, Segar CE, Sridhar S, Botchwey EA. Monocytes and macrophages in tissue repair: implications for immunoregenerative biomaterial design. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2016;241:1084–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vasina EM, Cauwenberghs S, Feijge MA, Heemskerk JW, Weber C, Koenen RR. Microparticles from apoptotic platelets promote resident macrophage differentiation. Cell Death Dis. 2011;2:e211.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Italiani P, Boraschi D. From monocytes to M1/M2 macrophages: phenotypical vs. functional differentiation. Front Immunol. 2014;5:514.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Hirahara L, Takase-Minegishi K, Kirino Y, et al. The roles of monocytes and macrophages in Behçet’s disease with focus on M1 and M2 polarization. Front Immunol. 2022;13:852297.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Cheng J, Santiago KA, Nguyen JT, Solomon JL, Lutz GE. Treatment of symptomatic degenerative intervertebral discs with autologous platelet-rich plasma: follow-up at 5-9 years. Regen Med. 2019;14:831–40.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Moojen DJ, Everts PA, Schure RM, et al. Antimicrobial activity of platelet-leukocyte gel against Staphylococcus aureus. J Orthop Res. 2008;26:404–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wang J. Neutrophils in tissue injury and repair. Cell Tissue Res. 2018;371:531–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Brazil JC, Quiros M, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. Innate immune cell-epithelial crosstalk during wound repair. J Clin Invest. 2019;129:2983–93.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Cieślik-Bielecka A, Bold T, Ziółkowski G, Pierchała M, Królikowska A, Reichert P. Antibacterial activity of leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma: an in vitro study. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:9471723–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Zhou Y, Wang JH. PRP treatment efficacy for tendinopathy: a review of basic science studies. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:9103792–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Koupenova M, Clancy L, Corkrey HA, Freedman JE. Circulating platelets as mediators of immunity, inflammation, and thrombosis. Circ Res. 2018;122:337–51.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Bayer IS. Advances in fibrin-based materials in wound repair: a review. Molecules. 2022;27:4504.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Serafini G, Lopreiato M, Lollobrigida M, et al. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) and its related products: biomolecular characterization of the liquid fibrinogen. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1099.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Andia I, Zumstein MA, Zhang CQ, Pinto NR, Bielecki T. Classification of platelet concentrates (platelet-rich plasma-prp, platelet-rich fibrin-PRF) for topical and infiltrative use in orthopedic and sports medicine: current consensus, clinical implications and perspectives. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014;4:3–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Everts PA, Malanga GA, Paul RV, Rothenberg JB, Stephens N, Mautner KR. Assessing clinical implications and perspectives of the pathophysiological effects of erythrocytes and plasma free hemoglobin in autologous biologics for use in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine therapies. A review. Regen Ther. 2019;11:56–64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Harrison TE, Bowler J, Levins TN, Reeves KD, Cheng AL. Platelet-rich plasma centrifugation changes leukocyte ratios. Cureus. 2021;13:e14470.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Hofmann E, Soppert J, Ruhl T, et al. The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in adipose-derived stem cells under hypoxia. Front Physiol. 2021;12:638448.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Schaer DJ, Buehler PW, Alayash AI, Belcher JD, Vercellotti GM. Hemolysis and free hemoglobin revisited: exploring hemoglobin and hemin scavengers as a novel class of therapeutic proteins. Blood. 2013;121:1276–84.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Humar R, Schaer DJ, Vallelian F. Erythrophagocytes in hemolytic anemia, wound healing, and cancer. Trends Mol Med. 2022;28:906–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Woodell-May JE, Sommerfeld SD. Role of inflammation and the immune system in the progression of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2020;38:253–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Vivier E, Tomasello E, Baratin M, Walzer T, Ugolini S. Functions of natural killer cells. Nat Immunol. 2008;9:503–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Vieira-de-Abreu A, Campbell RA, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets: versatile effector cells in hemostasis, inflammation, and the immune continuum. Semin Immunopathol. 2012;34:5–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Nicolai L, Gaertner F, Massberg S. Platelets in host defense: experimental and clinical insights. Trends Immunol. 2019;40:922–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lim A, Zhu JB, Khanduja V. The use of intra-articular platelet-rich plasma as a therapeutic intervention for hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2022;51:3635465221095563–2497.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Fitzpatrick J, Bulsara M, Zheng MH. The effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of tendinopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:226–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Podesta L, Crow SA, Volkmer D, Bert T, Yocum LA. Treatment of partial ulnar collateral ligament tears in the elbow with platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:1689–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Deal JB, Smith E, Heard W, O'Brien MJ, Savoie FH 3rd. Platelet-rich plasma for primary treatment of partial ulnar collateral ligament tears: MRI correlation with results. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5:2325967117738238.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Parrish WR, Roides B. Physiology of blood components in wound healing: an appreciation of cellular co-operativity in platelet rich plasma action. J Exerc Sports Orthop. 2017;4:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Johal H, Khan M, Yung SP, et al. Impact of platelet-rich plasma use on pain in orthopaedic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Health. 2019;11:355–66.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Hussein M, Hussein T. Effect of autologous platelet leukocyte rich plasma injections on atrophied lumbar multifidus muscle in low back pain patients with monosegmental degenerative disc disease. SICOT J. 2016;2:12.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Sánchez M, Garate A, Bilbao AM, et al. Platelet-rich plasma for injured peripheral nerves: biological repair process and clinical application guidelines. In: Bozzetto Ambrosi P, editor. Demystifying polyneuropathy—recent advances and new directions. London: IntechOpen; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Le VT, Nguyen Dao LT, Nguyen AM. Transforaminal injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma for lumbar disc herniation: a single-center prospective study in Vietnam. Asian J Surg. 2023;46:438–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Akeda K, Ohishi K, Takegami N, et al. Platelet-rich plasma releasate versus corticosteroid for the treatment of discogenic low back pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2022;11:304.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Desai MJ, Mansfield JT, Robinson DM, Miller BC, Borg-Stein J. Regenerative medicine for axial and radicular spine-related pain: a narrative review. Pain Pract. 2020;20:437–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kirchner F, Pinar A, Milani I, Prado R, Padilla S, Anitua E. Vertebral intraosseous plasma rich in growth factor (PRGF-Endoret) infiltrations as a novel strategy for the treatment of degenerative lesions of endplate in lumbar pathology: description of technique and case presentation. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15:72.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Sampson S, Gerhardt M, Mandelbaum B. Platelet rich plasma injection grafts for musculoskeletal injuries: a review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2008;1:165–74.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Prodromos CC, Finkle S, Prodromos A, Chen JL, Schwartz A, Wathen L. Treatment of rotator cuff tears with platelet rich plasma: a prospective study with 2 year follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22:499.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. McLarnon M, Heron N. Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injections versus intra-articular corticosteroid injections for symptomatic management of knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22:550.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injections in knee osteoarthritis: a review of their current molecular mechanisms of action and their degree of efficacy. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:1301.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Moeda F, Melo X, Hatia M, et al. The effects of intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injections in rheumatoid arthritis: a narrative review. Cureus. 2022;14:e28182.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Street A, Jerome MA, Williams CJ. Atraumatic medullary osteonecrosis of the tibia and femur treated with intraosseous orthobiologics. Cureus. 2021;13:e16677.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Everts PA, Devilee RJ, Brown Mahoney C, et al. Exogenous application of platelet-leukocyte gel during open subacromial decompression contributes to improved patient outcome. A prospective randomized double-blind study. Eur Surg Res. 2008;40:203–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Li Z, Weng X. Platelet-rich plasma use in meniscus repair treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17:446.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Lu M, Jin Y. Efficacy evaluation of the combined platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid after arthroscopic joint debridement in treating knee osteoarthritis. Scanning. 2022;2022:6994017–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Sprott H, Franke S, Kluge H, Hein G. Pain treatment of fibromyalgia by acupuncture. Rheumatol Int. 1998;18:35–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Everts PA, Flanagan G, Podesta L. Autologous orthobiologics. In: Mostoufi SA, George TK, Tria AJ, editors. Clinical guide to musculoskeletal medicine. Cham: Springer International; 2022. p. 651–79.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Nazaroff J, Oyadomari S, Brown N, Wang D. Reporting in clinical studies on platelet-rich plasma therapy among all medical specialties: a systematic review of level I and II studies. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0250007.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Bec C, Rousset A, Brandin T, et al. A retrospective analysis of characteristic features of responders and impaired patients to a single injection of pure platelet-rich plasma in knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Med. 2021;10:1748.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Flanagan, G.M., Knab, J., Rothenberg, J., Everts, P.A. (2024). Platelet-Rich Plasma. In: Navani, A., Atluri, S., Sanapati, M. (eds) Essentials of Regenerative Medicine in Interventional Pain Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50357-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50357-3_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-50356-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-50357-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics