Abstract
In a right-angle crossing (RAC) drawing of a graph, each edge is represented as a polyline and edge crossings must occur at an angle of exactly \(90^\circ \), where the number of bends on such polylines is typically restricted in some way. While structural and topological properties of RAC drawings have been the focus of extensive research, little was known about the boundaries of tractability for computing such drawings. In this paper, we initiate the study of RAC drawings from the viewpoint of parameterized complexity. In particular, we establish that computing a RAC drawing of an input graph G with at most b bends (or determining that none exists) is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by either the feedback edge number of G, or b plus the vertex cover number of G.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Angelini, P., Bekos, M.A., Förster, H., Kaufmann, M.: On RAC drawings of graphs with one bend per edge. Theor. Comput. Sci. 828–829, 42–54 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2020.04.018
Angelini, P., Bekos, M.A., Katheder, J., Kaufmann, M., Pfister, M.: RAC drawings of graphs with low degree. In: Szeider, S., Ganian, R., Silva, A. (eds.) 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, MFCS 2022, August 22–26, 2022, Vienna, Austria. LIPIcs, vol. 241, pp. 11:1–11:15. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022). https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.11
Angelini, P., et al.: On the perspectives opened by right angle crossing drawings. J. Graph Algorithms Appl. 15(1), 53–78 (2011). https://doi.org/10.7155/jgaa.00217
Argyriou, E.N., Bekos, M.A., Symvonis, A.: The straight-line RAC drawing problem is np-hard. J. Graph Algorithms Appl. 16(2), 569–597 (2012). https://doi.org/10.7155/jgaa.00274
Balko, M., et al.: Bounding and computing obstacle numbers of graphs. In: Chechik, S., Navarro, G., Rotenberg, E., Herman, G. (eds.) 30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms, ESA 2022, September 5–9, 2022, Berlin/Potsdam, Germany. LIPIcs, vol. 244, pp. 11:1–11:13. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022). https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.11
Bannister, M.J., Cabello, S., Eppstein, D.: Parameterized complexity of 1-planarity. J. Graph Algorithms Appl. 22(1), 23–49 (2018). https://doi.org/10.7155/jgaa.00457
Basu, S., Pollack, R., Roy, M.F.: Algorithms in Real Algebraic geometry, Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics, vol. 10. Springer, Cham (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33099-2, http://link.springer.com/10.1007/3-540-33099-2
Bekos, M.A., Didimo, W., Liotta, G., Mehrabi, S., Montecchiani, F.: On RAC drawings of 1-planar graphs. Theor. Comput. Sci. 689, 48–57 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2017.05.039
Bhore, S., Ganian, R., Montecchiani, F., Nöllenburg, M.: Parameterized algorithms for book embedding problems. J. Graph Algorithms Appl. 24(4), 603–620 (2020). https://doi.org/10.7155/jgaa.00526
Bhore, S., Ganian, R., Montecchiani, F., Nöllenburg, M.: Parameterized algorithms for queue layouts. J. Graph Algorithms Appl. 26(3), 335–352 (2022). https://doi.org/10.7155/jgaa.00597
Bieker, N.: Complexity of graph drawing problems in relation to the existential theory of the reals. Ph.D. thesis, Bachelor’s thesis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (August 2020) (2020)
Brand, C., Ceylan, E., Ganian, R., Hatschka, C., Korchemna, V.: Edge-cut width: An algorithmically driven analogue of treewidth based on edge cuts. In: Bekos, M.A., Kaufmann, M. (eds.) Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science - 48th International Workshop, WG 2022, Tübingen, Germany, June 22–24, 2022, Revised Selected Papers. LNCS, vol. 13453, pp. 98–113. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15914-5_8
Chen, J., Kanj, I.A., Xia, G.: Improved upper bounds for vertex cover. Theor. Comput. Sci. 411(40–42), 3736–3756 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2010.06.026
Courcelle, B., Makowsky, J.A., Rotics, U.: Linear time solvable optimization problems on graphs of bounded clique-width. Theory Comput. Syst. 33(2), 125–150 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002249910009
Cygan, M., et al.: Parameterized Algorithms. 1st edn. Springer Publishing Company, Inc., Berlin (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21275-3
Di Giacomo, E., Didimo, W., Eades, P., Liotta, G.: 2-layer right angle crossing drawings. Algorithmica 68(4), 954–997 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00453-012-9706-7
Di Giacomo, E., Didimo, W., Grilli, L., Liotta, G., Romeo, S.A.: Heuristics for the maximum 2-layer RAC subgraph problem. Comput. J. 58(5), 1085–1098 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxu017
Didimo, W.: Right angle crossing drawings of graphs. In: Hong, S.-H., Tokuyama, T. (eds.) Beyond Planar Graphs, pp. 149–169. Springer, Singapore (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6533-5_9
Didimo, W., Eades, P., Liotta, G.: A characterization of complete bipartite RAC graphs. Inf. Process. Lett. 110(16), 687–691 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipl.2010.05.023
Didimo, W., Eades, P., Liotta, G.: Drawing graphs with right angle crossings. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 412(39), 5156–5166 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2011.05.025
Didimo, W., Liotta, G., Montecchiani, F.: A survey on graph drawing beyond planarity. ACM Comput. Surv. 52(1), 4:1-4:37 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3301281
Diestel, R.: Graph Theory. 5th Edn., Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 173. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53622-3
Downey, R.G., Fellows, M.R.: Fundamentals of Parameterized Complexity. Texts in Computer Science, Springer, London (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5559-1
Eiben, E., Ganian, R., Hamm, T., Klute, F., Nöllenburg, M.: Extending nearly complete 1-planar drawings in polynomial time. In: Esparza, J., Král’, D. (eds.) 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, MFCS 2020, August 24–28, 2020, Prague, Czech Republic. LIPIcs, vol. 170, pp. 31:1–31:16. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020). https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.31
Eiben, E., Ganian, R., Hamm, T., Klute, F., Nöllenburg, M.: Extending partial 1-planar drawings. In: Czumaj, A., Dawar, A., Merelli, E. (eds.) 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, ICALP 2020, July 8–11, 2020, Saarbrücken, Germany (Virtual Conference). LIPIcs, vol. 168, pp. 43:1–43:19. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020). https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.43
Fleszar, K., Mnich, M., Spoerhase, J.: New algorithms for maximum disjoint paths based on tree-likeness. Math. Program. 171(1–2), 433–461 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-017-1199-3
Förster, H., Kaufmann, M.: On compact RAC drawings. In: Grandoni, F., Herman, G., Sanders, P. (eds.) 28th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms, ESA 2020, September 7–9, 2020, Pisa, Italy (Virtual Conference). LIPIcs, vol. 173, pp. 53:1–53:21. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020). https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2020.53
de Fraysseix, H., Pach, J., Pollack, R.: Small sets supporting fáry embeddings of planar graphs. In: Simon, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, May 2–4, 1988, Chicago, Illinois, USA, pp. 426–433. ACM (1988). https://doi.org/10.1145/62212.62254
Fáry, I.: On straight lines representation of planar graphs. Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged) 11, 229–233 (1948)
Ganian, R.: Using neighborhood diversity to solve hard problems. CoRR abs/1201.3091 (2012). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1201.3091
Ganian, R., Korchemna, V.: Slim tree-cut width. In: Dell, H., Nederlof, J. (eds.) 17th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation, IPEC 2022, September 7–9, 2022, Potsdam, Germany. LIPIcs, vol. 249, pp. 15:1–15:18. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022). https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2022.15
Ganian, R., Ordyniak, S.: The power of cut-based parameters for computing edge-disjoint paths. Algorithmica 83(2), 726–752 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00453-020-00772-w
Garey, M.R., Johnson, D.S.: Crossing number is np-complete. SIAM J. Algebraic Discret. Methods 4(3), 312–316 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1137/0604033
Grohe, M.: Computing crossing numbers in quadratic time. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 68(2), 285–302 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcss.2003.07.008
Hlinený, P., Sankaran, A.: Exact crossing number parameterized by vertex cover. In: Archambault, D., Tóth, C.D. (eds.) Graph Drawing and Network Visualization - 27th International Symposium, GD 2019, Prague, Czech Republic, September 17–20, 2019, Proceedings. LNCS, vol. 11904, pp. 307–319. Springer (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35802-0_24
Huang, W.: Using eye tracking to investigate graph layout effects. In: Hong, S., Ma, K. (eds.) APVIS 2007, 6th International Asia-Pacific Symposium on Visualization 2007, Sydney, Australia, 5–7 February 2007, pp. 97–100. IEEE Computer Society (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/APVIS.2007.329282
Huang, W., Eades, P., Hong, S.: Larger crossing angles make graphs easier to read. J. Vis. Lang. Comput. 25(4), 452–465 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvlc.2014.03.001
Huang, W., Hong, S., Eades, P.: Effects of crossing angles. In: IEEE VGTC Pacific Visualization Symposium 2008, PacificVis 2008, Kyoto, Japan, March 5–7, 2008, pp. 41–46. IEEE Computer Society (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/PACIFICVIS.2008.4475457
Knop, D., Koutecký, M., Masarík, T., Toufar, T.: Simplified algorithmic metatheorems beyond MSO: treewidth and neighborhood diversity. Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 15(4), 1–32 (2019). https://doi.org/10.23638/LMCS-15(4:12)2019
Lampis, M.: Algorithmic meta-theorems for restrictions of treewidth. In: de Berg, M., Meyer, U. (eds.) Algorithms - ESA 2010, 18th Annual European Symposium, Liverpool, UK, September 6–8, 2010. Proceedings, Part I. LNCS, vol. 6346, pp. 549–560. Springer, Cham (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15775-2_47
Mutzel, P.: An alternative method to crossing minimization on hierarchical graphs. SIAM J. Optim. 11(4), 1065–1080 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1137/S1052623498334013
Nešetřil, J., Ossona de Mendez, P.: Sparsity: Graphs, Structures, and Algorithms, Algorithms and Combinatorics, vol. 28. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27875-4
Robertson, N., Seymour, P.D.: Graph minors. III. Planar Tree-width. J. Comb. Theory, Ser. B. 36(1), 49–64 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-8956(84)90013-3
Schaefer, M.: RAC-drawability is \(\exists \mathbb{R} \)-complete. In: Graph Drawing and Network Visualization: 29th International Symposium, GD 2021, Tübingen, Germany, September 14–17, 2021, Revised Selected Papers, pp. 72–86. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92931-2_5
Acknowledgments
The authors graciously accept support from the WWTF (Project ICT22-029) and the FWF (Project Y1329) science funds.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Brand, C., Ganian, R., Röder, S., Schager, F. (2023). Fixed-Parameter Algorithms for Computing RAC Drawings of Graphs. In: Bekos, M.A., Chimani, M. (eds) Graph Drawing and Network Visualization. GD 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14466. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49275-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49275-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49274-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-49275-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)