Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analysis of Lysozyme as Biomarker in Saliva

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
MEDICON’23 and CMBEBIH’23 (MEDICON 2023, CMBEBIH 2023)

Part of the book series: IFMBE Proceedings ((IFMBE,volume 93))

  • 179 Accesses

Abstract

Non-invasive biomarkers are of crucial importance in diagnostics. Their discoveries bring novel opportunities for easy screening and monitoring of diseases. Saliva is one of the abundant sources of non-invasive biomarkers. Although there are efforts to promote development of techniques for using salivary components as biomarkers, still there are many drawbacks that need to be overcome. Potential biomarker in saliva is lysozyme, one of the most important antimicrobial proteins in human body. In the literature, there are several protocols for measurement of lysozyme concentration and activity in saliva. However, little is known about differences in results depending on the saliva collection and handling. The aim of this study was to evaluate how saliva preparation procedures affect results of lysozyme activity measurement when using turbidimetric method. Unstimulated saliva was collected from 20 individuals. Lysozyme activity was analyzed in fresh and saliva samples after freezing at −20 ℃ for up to ten days. Each sample was analyzed as whole saliva or supernatant after centrifugation. Viscosity and turbidity of saliva were different between fresh samples and samples used after freezing and thawing process. There was statistically significant two-way interaction between freezing and centrifugation of samples on lysozyme activity (p = 0.004). Although the higher lysozyme activity was found in the frozen compared to fresh samples, it did not reach statistical significance. No difference in lysozyme activity was seen between whole and centrifuged samples. Results of this study should be considered when analyzing lysozyme in saliva or interpreting results of various studies that measured salivary lysozyme activity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Nunes, L.A.S., Mussavira, S., Bindhu, O.S.: Clinical and diagnostic utility of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid: a systematic review. Biochem. Med. (Zagreb) 25, 177–192 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Streckfus, C.F., Bigler, L.R.: Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Oral Dis. 8, 69–76 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sun, H., et al.: Salivary secretory immunoglobulin (SIgA) and lysozyme in malignant tumor patients. Biomed. Res. Int. 2016, e8701423 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Zaura, E., Brandt, B.W., Prodan, A., et al.: On the ecosystemic network of saliva in healthy young adults. ISME J. 11, 1218–1231 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Perera, S., Uddin, M., Hayes, J.A.: Salivary lysozyme: a noninvasive marker for the study of the effects of stress on natural immunity. Int. J. Behav. Med. 4, 170–178 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Yang, Y., et al.: Self perceived work related stress and the relation with salivary IgA and lysozyme among emergency department nurses. Occup. Environ. Med. 59, 836–841 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Perera, S., Sabin, E., Nelson, P., Lowe, D.: Increases in salivary lysozyme and IgA concentrations and secretory rates independent of salivary flow rates following viewing of a humorous videotape. Int. J. Behav. Med. 5, 118–128 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hankiewicz, J., Swierczek, E.: Lysozyme in human body fluids. Clin. Chim. Acta 57, 205–209 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Rudney, J.D.: Relationships between human parotid saliva lysozyme lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase and secretory immunoglobulin A in a large sample population. Arch. Oral Biol. 34, 499–506 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Yeh, C.-K., Dodds, M.W.J., Zuo, P., Johnson, D.A.: A population-based study of salivary lysozyme concentrations and candidal counts. Arch. Oral Biol. 42, 25–31 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Tomita, H., et al.: Serum lysozyme levels and clinical features of sarcoidosis. Lung 177, 161–167 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lodha, S.C., Mir, M.A.: Usefulness of serum lysozyme measurement in diagnosis of intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. Tubercle 61, 81–85 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Das, S., Basu, A., Mitra, A., Chatterjee, A., Mitra, S.: A study on the lysozyme pattern in murine leukaemia and lymphomas. Curr. Sci. 49, 423–425 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Saito, N.: Correlation between Intracellular and extracellular lysozyme in acute (myelo)monocytic leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma 2, 347–350 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pruzanski, W., Saito, S., Ogryzlo, M.A.: The significance of lysozyme (muramidase) in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Levels in serum and synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 13, 389–399 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ito, T., et al.: Relationship between antimicrobial protein levels in whole saliva and periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 79, 316–322 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Gasior-Chrzan, B., Falk, E.S.: Lysozyme and IgA concentrations in serum and saliva from psoriatic patients. Acta Derm. Venereol. 72, 138–140 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Olayanju, O.A., et al.: Oral innate immunity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr. Med. J. 43, 134 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Qaysar Musa, S., Mohammed AliJassim, M., Mohammed Mahmood, M.: Tracing some salivary immune elements in Iraqi SARS-2 patients. Arch. Razi Inst. 77, 1587–1591 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ryu, O.H., Atkinson, J.C., Hoehn, G.T., Illei, G.G., Hart, T.C.: Identification of parotid salivary biomarkers in Sjogren’s syndrome by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45, 1077–1086 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Janket, S.-J., et al.: Salivary lysozyme and prevalent coronary heart disease: possible effects of oral health on endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 433–434 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Qvarnstrom, M., et al.: Salivary lysozyme and prevalent hypertension. J. Dent. Res. 87, 480–484 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Jenzano, J.W., Hogan, S.L., Lundblad, R.L.: Factors influencing measurement of human salivary lysozyme in lysoplate and turbidimetric assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24, 963–967 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Brandtzaeg, P., Mann, W.V.: A comparative study of the lysozyme activity of human gingival pocket fluid, serum, and saliva. Acta Odontol. Scand. 22, 441–455 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Virella, G., Goudswaard, J.: Measurement of salivary lysozyme. J. Dent. Res. 57, 326–328 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ng, V., Koh, D., Fu, Q., Chia, S.-E.: Effects of storage time on stability of salivary immunoglobulin A and lysozyme. Clin. Chim. Acta 338, 131–134 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Japanese Pharmacopoeia 17th Edition | Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/rs-sb-std/standards-development/jp/0019.html. Accessed 28 Mar 2023

  28. Wickham, H.: Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer, New York (2016)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Noble, R.E.: Salivary alpha-amylase and lysozyme levels: a non-invasive technique for measuring parotid vs submandibular/sublingual gland activity. J. Oral Sci. 42, 83–86 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Eltze, L., Eltze, M., Garcia, A., Eltze, L., Eltze, M., Garcia, A.: Variability of saliva viscosity—potential impact. Oral health care—an important issue of the modern society (2020). https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93933

  31. Mörsky, P.: Turbidimetric determination of lysozyme with Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells: reexamination of reaction conditions. Anal. Biochem. 128, 77–85 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Prodan, A., et al.: A study of the variation in the salivary peptide profiles of young healthy adults acquired using MALDI-TOF MS. PLoS ONE 11, e0156707 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Emina Hasković, Lejda Uzunović, Tanja Dujić, Maja Malenica, Tamer Bego, Neven Meseldžić, Selma Imamović Kadrić & Una Glamočlija

  2. Bosnalijek JSC, Jukićeva 53, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Aziz Šukalo, Meliha Mehić & Una Glamočlija

Authors
  1. Emina Hasković
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lejda Uzunović
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tanja Dujić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aziz Šukalo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Meliha Mehić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Maja Malenica
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Tamer Bego
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Neven Meseldžić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Selma Imamović Kadrić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Una Glamočlija
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emina Hasković .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Verlab Research Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Devices, and Artificial Intelligence, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Almir Badnjević

  2. Verlab Research Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Devices, and Artificial Intelligence, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Lejla Gurbeta Pokvić

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Hasković, E. et al. (2024). Analysis of Lysozyme as Biomarker in Saliva. In: Badnjević, A., Gurbeta Pokvić, L. (eds) MEDICON’23 and CMBEBIH’23. MEDICON CMBEBIH 2023 2023. IFMBE Proceedings, vol 93. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49062-0_47

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49062-0_47

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49061-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-49062-0

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation