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“Honour Culture” and Rape Denialism in the Southern Sudanese Culture: A Prospective Response from Ubuntu and Restorative Justice

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Climate Change and Socio-political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Anthropocene

Part of the book series: The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science ((APESS,volume 37))

Abstract

Denialism over rape cases deprives survivors of their human rights and dignity. The South Sudanese’s “honour culture” is aimed at protecting the reputation of local communities affected by rape incidence, and hiding the evils that may tarnish the good image of the South Sudanese society. At the same time, the lack of acknowledgement of the suffering caused by such violence against women throws rape survivors into a condition of perpetual victimisation and denies them justice. In this chapter, an examination is conducted on the conventional notion of honour culture linked to rape. The focus is on the attitudes of survivors and local individuals regarding the root causes of honour culture in relation to rape cases. It is noted that the silencing of victims and their lack of access to public justice exacerbate this issue. The public adjudication of sexual violence cases would garner significant attention, which goes against the principles of honour culture that the South Sudanese Society seeks to protect. These perspectives emerged from in-depth interviews and focus-group discussions with 36 participants, including political leaders, traditional leaders, women leaders, among whom were rape survivors and international NGO leaders. Thematic and content analytical methods were employed to examine and interpret the data set. It emerged from this study that the predicament of criminal justice that perpetuates rape injustices via honour culture preservation can be overcome by using the ubuntu restorative justice (URJ) practice which promotes dialogue, acknowledgement of guilt, empathy, repair of harm and human rights violation in view of restoring justice and human dignity. URJ prevents retaliation, encourages forgiveness and empowerment of victims – giving them a voice and addressing their violated rights and facilitating restoration after their ordeals in wartime.

Dr Josephine Kimanu Mauwa holds a PhD in Management Sciences, in Public Administration: Peace Studies from the International Centre of Nonviolence, Faculty of Management Sciences, Durban University of Technology, South Africa. She is a lecturer in the Faculty of Social Sciences, Peace and conflict Transformation Department, Université Evangelique en Afrique, Democratic Republic of Congo; Email: mauwakimanu@yahoo.fr

Dr Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala holds a PhD in Public Administration: Peace Studies from DUT; he is a Senior Lecturer at the International Centre of Nonviolence (DUT), Associate Professor and visiting lecturer at the Université de Bandundu and the Université Evangélique en Afrique (Democratic Republic of Congo); Emails: JeanK@dut.ac.za; kljeanchrysostome@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9587-0230

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Traditional community leaders, focus group, Malakal town, 15 December 2020.

  2. 2.

    Women leaders, focus group, Malakal town, 22 December 2020.

  3. 3.

    Men and women community leaders, focus group, Malakal town, 19 December 2020.

  4. 4.

    International Mercy Corps worker, Interview, Malakal town, 13 December 2020.

  5. 5.

    Traditional community leaders, focus group, Malakal town, 28 December 2020.

  6. 6.

    International Mercy Corp workers, Focus group and training, Malakal town, 27 December 2020.

  7. 7.

    International Mercy Corp workers, Focus group and training, Malakal town, 27 December 2020.

  8. 8.

    Interview with a member of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Malakal town, 14 December 2020.

  9. 9.

    Awut Deng Acuil is a politician lady, Minister of foreign affairs of South Sudan from 2019 to 2020.

  10. 10.

    Interview with prominent figure of South Sudan politicians, Juba, 12 December 2020.

  11. 11.

    The Dinka are the largest ethnic tribe in South Sudan; they are known for their traditional practices of agriculture and livestock raising.

  12. 12.

    Interview with a member of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA prefer to hide the identity), Malakal town, 18 December 2020.

  13. 13.

    International Mercy Corp workers, Focus group and training, Malakal town, 27 December 2020.

  14. 14.

    Traditional community leaders, Focus group, Malakal town, 27 December 2020.

  15. 15.

    An amount of property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.

  16. 16.

    Traditional community leaders, Focus group, Malakal town, 27 December 2020.

  17. 17.

    Traditional community leaders, Focus group, Malakal town, 27 December 2020.

  18. 18.

    Interview with a member of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Malakal town, 14 December 2020.

  19. 19.

    International NGO (UNPFA), (prefer to hide the identity), Interview, Malakal town, 22 December 2020.

  20. 20.

    Madut Jok, South Sudan Tribune, observers’ side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  21. 21.

    International NGO (UNPFA), (prefer to hide the identity), Interview, Malakal town, 22 December 2020.

  22. 22.

    Community Women leaders, Focus group, Malakal town, 27 December 2020.

  23. 23.

    Midit Milot, South Sudan Tribune, observer’s side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  24. 24.

    Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) mentioned by Speaker during the radio broadcasting programme.

  25. 25.

    Mayendit, South Sudan Tribune, government’s side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  26. 26.

    Madut Jok, South Sudan Tribune, observers’ side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  27. 27.

    Ayul, South Sudan Tribune, observers’ side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  28. 28.

    Eye see, South Sudan Tribune, observers’ side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  29. 29.

    Eastern, South Sudan Tribune, observers’ side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  30. 30.

    Madut Jok, South Sudan Tribune, observers’ side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  31. 31.

    Mayendit, South Sudan Tribune, government’s side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

  32. 32.

    Mayendit, South Sudan Tribune, government’s side, Juba, 19 December 2020.

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Acknowledgements

To Open Society Foundations of London for their financial support during the tough time of COVID-19; to Dr. Jimmy Juma Lwamba for his supportive academic orientation to get this grant; and to Dr. Sylvia Blanche Kaye for her inputs to this work; and to the International Centre of Nonviolence (Durban University of Technology).

Funding

This work was supported by the Open Society Foundations (OSF) under Grant IN2019-53941.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Management Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

    Josephine Kimanu Mauwa

  2. Faculty of Social Sciences, Peace and conflict Transformation Department, Université Evangelique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo

    Josephine Kimanu Mauwa

  3. Université de Bandundu, Bandundu, Democratic Republic of Congo

    Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala

  4. Université Evangélique en Africa, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo

    Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala

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  1. Josephine Kimanu Mauwa
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Correspondence to Josephine Kimanu Mauwa .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. International Centre of Nonviolence, Durban University of Technology, Durban,, South Africa

    Jean Chrysostome K. Kiyala

  2. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

    Norman Chivasa

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Mauwa, J.K., Kiyala, J.C.K. (2024). “Honour Culture” and Rape Denialism in the Southern Sudanese Culture: A Prospective Response from Ubuntu and Restorative Justice. In: Kiyala, J.C.K., Chivasa, N. (eds) Climate Change and Socio-political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene: Politik—Economics—Society—Science, vol 37. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48375-2_21

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