Abstract
This paper presents a systematic literature review on Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) in the context of Machine Learning. Our focus is on Electroencephalography (EEG) research, highlighting the latest trends as of 2023. The objective is to provide undergraduate researchers with an accessible overview of the BCI field, covering tasks, algorithms, and datasets. By synthesizing recent findings, our aim is to offer a fundamental understanding of BCI research, identifying promising avenues for future investigations.
Nathan, Michael, and Xufeng are the first three authors of this paper, and they contributed equally. Professor Xiaodong Qu is the mentor for this research project.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmad, I., et al.: EEG-based epileptic seizure detection via machine/deep learning approaches: a systematic review. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2022, 6486570 (2022)
Altaheri, H., et al.: Deep learning techniques for classification of electroencephalogram (eeg) motor imagery (mi) signals: a review. Neural Comput. Appl. 35, 1–42 (2021)
Basaklar, T., Tuncel, Y., An, S., Ogras, U.: Wearable devices and low-power design for smart health applications: challenges and opportunities. In: 2021 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED), p. 1. IEEE (2021)
Chen, L., et al.: Data-driven detection of subtype-specific differentially expressed genes. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 332 (2021)
Craik, A., He, Y., Contreras-Vidal, J.L.: Deep learning for electroencephalogram (eeg) classification tasks: a review. J. Neural Eng. 16(3), 031001 (2019)
Deb, R., An, S., Bhat, G., Shill, H., Ogras, U.Y.: A systematic survey of research trends in technology usage for Parkinson’s disease. Sensors 22(15), 5491 (2022)
Deb, R., Bhat, G., An, S., Shill, H., Ogras, U.Y.: Trends in technology usage for Parkinson’s disease assessment: a systematic review. MedRxiv (2021). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.01.21250939
Deng, Z., Li, C., Song, R., Liu, X., Qian, R., Chen, X.: EEG-based seizure prediction via hybrid vision transformer and data uncertainty learning. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 123, 106401 (2023)
Dou, G., Zhou, Z., Qu, X.: Time majority voting, a PC-based EEG classifier for non-expert users. In: Kurosu, M., et al. (eds.) HCI International 2022 – Late Breaking Papers. Multimodality in Advanced Interaction Environments. HCII 2022. LNCS, vol. 13519. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17618-0_29
Duan, R.N., Zhu, J.Y., Lu, B.L.: Differential entropy feature for EEG-based emotion classification. In: 2013 6th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), pp. 81–84 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2013.6695876
Gong, S., Xing, K., Cichocki, A., Li, J.: Deep learning in EEG: advance of the last ten-year critical period. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Develop. Syst. 14(2), 348–365 (2021)
Govindan, B., Pickett, S., Riggs, B.: Fear of the cure: a beginner’s guide to overcoming barriers in creating a course-based undergraduate research experience. J. Microbiol. Biol. Educ. 21(2), 50 (2020)
Guo, J.Y., et al.: A transformer based neural network for emotion recognition and visualizations of crucial EEG channels. Phys. A Statist. Mech. Appl. 603, 127700 (2022)
Hassin-Baer, S., et al.: Identification of an early-stage Parkinson’s disease Neuromarker using event-related potentials, brain network analytics and machine-learning. PLoS ONE 17(1), e0261947 (2022)
Hossain, K.M., Islam, M., Hossain, S., Nijholt, A., Ahad, M.A.R., et al.: Status of deep learning for EEG-based brain-computer interface applications. UMBC Student Collection (2023)
Houssein, E.H., Hammad, A., Ali, A.A.: Human emotion recognition from EEG-based brain-computer interface using machine learning: a comprehensive review. Neural Comput. Appl. 34(15), 12527–12557 (2022)
Huang, D., Tang, Y., Qin, R.: An evaluation of planetScope images for 3D reconstruction and change detection-experimental validations with case studies. GISci. Remote Sens. 59(1), 744–761 (2022)
Jiang, C., et al.: Deep denoising of raw biomedical knowledge graph from COVID-19 literature, Litcovid, and Pubtator: framework development and validation. J. Med. Internet Res. 24(7), e38584 (2022)
Kastrati, A., et al.: EEGEyeNet: a simultaneous electroencephalography and eye-tracking dataset and benchmark for eye movement prediction. In: Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 1) (2021). https://openreview.net/forum?id=Nc2uduhU9qa
Katsigiannis, S., Ramzan, N.: Dreamer: a database for emotion recognition through EEG and ECG signals from wireless low-cost off-the-shelf devices. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 22(1), 98–107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2017.2688239
Koelstra, S., et al.: DEAP: a database for emotion analysis; using physiological signals. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 3(1), 18–31 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AFFC.2011.15
Kostas, D., Aroca-Ouellette, S., Rudzicz, F.: BENDR: using transformers and a contrastive self-supervised learning task to learn from massive amounts of EEG data. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15, 653659 (2021)
Li, F., He, F., Wang, F., Zhang, D., Xia, Y., Li, X.: A novel simplified convolutional neural network classification algorithm of motor imagery EEG signals based on deep learning. Appl. Sci. 10(5), 1605 (2020)
Li, S., Zhou, W., Yuan, Q., Geng, S., Cai, D.: Feature extraction and recognition of ictal EEG using EMD and SVM. Comput. Biol. Med. 43(7), 807–816 (2013)
Li, X., et al.: EEG based emotion recognition: a tutorial and review. ACM Comput. Surv. 55(4), 1–57 (2022)
Liu, C., Li, H., Xu, J., Gao, W., Shen, X., Miao, S.: Applying convolutional neural network to predict soil erosion: a case study of coastal areas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20(3), 2513 (2023)
Liu, J., Wu, G., Luo, Y., Qiu, S., Yang, S., Li, W., Bi, Y.: EEG-based emotion classification using a deep neural network and sparse autoencoder. PubMed, pp. 1–42 (2020)
Lu, Y., Wang, H., Wei, W.: Machine learning for synthetic data generation: a review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.04062 (2023)
Lu, Y., et al.: COT: an efficient and accurate method for detecting marker genes among many subtypes. Bioinform. Adv. 2(1), vbac037 (2022)
Luo, X., Ma, X., Munden, M., Wu, Y.J., Jiang, Y.: A multisource data approach for estimating vehicle queue length at metered on-ramps. J. Transp. Eng. Part A: Syst. 148(2), 04021117 (2022)
Luo, Y., et al.: EEG-based emotion classification using spiking neural networks. IEEE Access 8, 46007–46016 (2020)
Ma, X.: Traffic performance evaluation using statistical and machine learning methods, Ph. D. thesis, The University of Arizona (2022)
Ma, X., Karimpour, A., Wu, Y.J.: Statistical evaluation of data requirement for ramp metering performance assessment. Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract. 141, 248–261 (2020)
Padfield, N., Zabalza, J., Zhao, H., Masero, V., Ren, J.: EEG-based brain-computer interfaces using motor-imagery: techniques and challenges. Sensors 19(6), 1423 (2019)
Peng, X., Bhattacharya, T., Mao, J., Cao, T., Jiang, C., Qin, X.: Energy-efficient management of data centers using a renewable-aware scheduler. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS), pp. 1–8. IEEE (2022)
Prasanna, J., Subathra, M., Mohammed, M.A., Damaševičius, R., Sairamya, N.J., George, S.T.: Automated epileptic seizure detection in pediatric subjects of CHB-MIT EEG database-a survey. J. Personal. Med. 11(10), 1028 (2021)
Qu, X., Hickey, T.J.: EEG4Home: a human-in-the-loop machine learning model for EEG-based BCI. In: Schmorrow, D.D., Fidopiastis, C.M. (eds.) Augmented Cognition. HCII 2022. LNCS, vol. 13310. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05457-0_14
Qu, X., Liu, P., Li, Z., Hickey, T.: Multi-class time continuity voting for EEG classification. In: Frasson, C., Bamidis, P., Vlamos, P. (eds.) BFAL 2020. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 12462, pp. 24–33. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60735-7_3
Qu, X., Liukasemsarn, S., Tu, J., Higgins, A., Hickey, T.J., Hall, M.H.: Identifying clinically and functionally distinct groups among healthy controls and first episode psychosis patients by clustering on EEG patterns. Front. Psych. 11, 541659 (2020)
Qu, X., Mei, Q., Liu, P., Hickey, T.: Using EEG to distinguish between writing and typing for the same cognitive task. In: Frasson, C., Bamidis, P., Vlamos, P. (eds.) BFAL 2020. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 12462, pp. 66–74. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60735-7_7
Qu, X., Sun, Y., Sekuler, R., Hickey, T.: EEG markers of stem learning. In: 2018 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), pp. 1–9. IEEE (2018)
Qureshi, M.B., Afzaal, M., Qureshi, M.S., Fayaz, M.: Machine learning-based EEG signals classification model for epileptic seizure detection. Multimedia Tools Appl. 80, 17849–17877 (2021)
Roy, Y., Banville, H., Albuquerque, I., Gramfort, A., Falk, T.H., Faubert, J.: Deep learning-based electroencephalography analysis: a systematic review. J. Neural Eng. 16(5), 051001 (2019)
Saeidi, M., et al.: Neural decoding of EEG signals with machine learning: a systematic review. Brain Sci. 11(11), 1525 (2021)
Sha’abani, M.N.A.H., Fuad, N., Jamal, N., Ismail, M.F.: kNN and SVM classification for EEG: a review. In: Kasruddin Nasir, A.N., et al. (eds.) InECCE2019. LNEE, vol. 632, pp. 555–565. Springer, Singapore (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2317-5_47
Shen, X., Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., Najmabadi, M.: Semi-supervised intent discovery with contrastive learning. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Conversational AI, pp. 120–129 (2021)
Siddhad, G., Gupta, A., Dogra, D.P., Roy, P.P.: Efficacy of transformer networks for classification of raw EEG data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.05170 (2022)
Singh, A., Hussain, A.A., Lal, S., Guesgen, H.W.: A comprehensive review on critical issues and possible solutions of motor imagery based electroencephalography brain-computer interface. Sensors 21(6), 2173 (2021)
Song, Y., Jia, X., Yang, L., Xie, L.: Transformer-based spatial-temporal feature learning for EEG decoding. arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.11170 (2021)
Suhaimi, N.S., Mountstephens, J., Teo, J., et al.: EEG-based emotion recognition: a state-of-the-art review of current trends and opportunities. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2020, 8875426 (2020)
Sun, J., Xie, J., Zhou, H.: EEG classification with transformer-based models. In: 2021 IEEE 3rd Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech), pp. 92–93. IEEE (2021)
Tang, Y., Song, S., Gui, S., Chao, W., Cheng, C., Qin, R.: Active and low-cost hyperspectral imaging for the spectral analysis of a low-light environment. Sensors 23(3), 1437 (2023)
Tangermann, M., et al.: Review of the BCI competition IV. Frontiers Neurosci. 6, 55 (2012)
Wang, J., Wang, M.: Review of the emotional feature extraction and classification using EEG signals. Cogn. Robot. 1, 29–40 (2021)
Wang, R., Qu, X.: EEG Daydreaming, a machine learning approach to detect daydreaming activities. In: Schmorrow, D.D., Fidopiastis, C.M. (eds.) Augmented Cognition. HCII 2022. LNCS, vol. 13310. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05457-0_17
Yi, L., Qu, X.: Attention-based CNN capturing EEG recording’s average voltage and local change. In: Degen, H., Ntoa, S. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence in HCI. HCII 2022. LNCS, vol. 13336. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05643-7_29
Zhang, S., Zhao, Z., Guan, C.: Multimodal continuous emotion recognition: a technical report for ABAW5. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5763–5768 (2023)
Zhang, Y., et al.: Biotic homogenization increases with human intervention: implications for mangrove wetland restoration. Ecography 2022(4), 5835 (2022)
Zhang, Z., et al.: Implementation and performance evaluation of in-vehicle highway back-of-queue alerting system using the driving simulator. In: 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC), pp. 1753–1759. IEEE (2021)
Zhang, Z., Tian, R., Sherony, R., Domeyer, J., Ding, Z.: Attention-based interrelation modeling for explainable automated driving. IEEE Trans. Intell. Vehicles 8, 1564–1573 (2022)
Zhao, Z., Chopra, K., Zeng, Z., Li, X.: Sea-Net: squeeze-and-excitation attention net for diabetic retinopathy grading. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 2496–2500. IEEE (2020)
Zhao, Z., et al.: BiRA-Net: bilinear attention net for diabetic retinopathy grading. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 1385–1389. IEEE (2019)
Zhou, Z., Dou, G., Qu, X.: BrainActivity1: a framework of EEG data collection and machine learning analysis for college students. In: Stephanidis, C., Antona, M., Ntoa, S., Salvendy, G. (eds.) HCI International 2022 – Late Breaking Posters. HCII 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 1654. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19679-9_16
Zong, N., et al.: Beta: a comprehensive benchmark for computational drug-target prediction. Brief. Bioinform. 23(4), bbac199 (2022)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Murungi, N.K., Pham, M.V., Dai, X., Qu, X. (2023). Trends in Machine Learning and Electroencephalogram (EEG): A Review for Undergraduate Researchers. In: Kurosu, M., et al. HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking Papers. HCII 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14054. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48038-6_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48038-6_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-48037-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-48038-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)