Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Cranial Nerves in Neurology

  • 456 Accesses

Abstract

One sentence: Predominate motor nerve for facial innervation with autonomic, sensory, and special senses functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tubbs RS, Steck DT, Mortazavi MM, Cohen-Gadol AA. The nervus intermedius: a review of its anatomy, function, pathology, and role in neurosurgery. World Neurosurg. 2013;79(5–6):763–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Tang IP, Freeman SR, Kontorinis G, Tang MY, Rutherford SA, King AT, et al. Geniculate neuralgia: a systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2014;128(5):394–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hopf HC, Muller-Forell W, Hopf NJ. Localization of emotional and volitional facial paresis. Neurology. 1992;42(10):1918–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ogawa Y, Sakakibara R. Platysma sign in high cervical lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(5):735.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Salinas NL, Jackson O, Dunham B, Bartlett SP. Anatomical dissection and modified Sihler stain of the lower branches of the facial nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(6):1905–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Frunza A, Slavescu D, Lascar I. Perineural invasion in head and neck cancers—a review. J Med Life. 2014;7(2):121–3.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002;549:4–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang W, Xu L, Luo T, Wu F, Zhao B, Li X. The etiology of Bell's palsy: a review. J Neurol. 2020;267(7):1896–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim SJ, Lee HY. Acute peripheral facial palsy: recent guidelines and a systematic review of the literature. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(30):e245.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Zandian A, Osiro S, Hudson R, Ali IM, Matusz P, Tubbs SR, et al. The neurologist's dilemma: a comprehensive clinical review of Bell's palsy, with emphasis on current management trends. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:83–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Reich SG. Bell’s Palsy. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017;23(2):447–66. Selected Topics in Outpatient Neurology

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yamamoto E, Nishimura H, Hirono Y. Occurrence of sequelae in Bell's palsy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988;446:93–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gagyor I, Madhok VB, Daly F, Sullivan F. Antiviral treatment for Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;9:CD001869.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kania RE, Cazals-Hatem D, Bouccara D, Cyna-Gorse F, Lisovoski F, Henin D, et al. Hypertrophic neuropathy of the facial nerve. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001;110(3):257–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chew ZH, Lim EH, Lum SG, Teo D. Facial nerve palsy secondary to parotid abscess: report of a rare case and review of the literature. Cureus. 2022;14(2):e22509.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Kumar S, Alexander M, Gnanamuthu C. Cranial nerve involvement in patients with leprous neuropathy. Neurol India. 2006;54(3):283–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Guez-Barber D, Swami SK, Harrison JB, McGuire JL. Differentiating Bell's Palsy from Lyme-related facial palsy. Pediatrics. 2022;149(6):e2021053992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Figoni J, Chirouze C, Hansmann Y, Lemogne C, Hentgen V, Saunier A, et al. Lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases. Guidelines from the French Scientific Societies (I): prevention, epidemiology, diagnosis. Med Mal Infect. 2019;49(5):318–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pandey PK, Chaudhuri Z, Sharma P. Extraocular muscle and facial paresis in herpes zoster ophthalmicus. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2001;38(6):363–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang B, Kong Q, Li X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, et al. A high-fat diet increases gut microbiota biodiversity and energy expenditure due to nutrient difference. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3197.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Christopher LH, Slattery WH, Smith EJ, Larian B, Azizzadeh B. Facial nerve management in patients with malignant skull base tumors. J Neuro-Oncol. 2020;150(3):493–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. McRackan TR, Wilkinson EP, Rivas A. Primary tumors of the facial nerve. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2015;48(3):491–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Muhlbauer MS, Clark WC, Robertson JH, Gardner LG, Dohan FC Jr. Malignant nerve sheath tumor of the facial nerve: case report and discussion. Neurosurgery. 1987;21(1):68–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Marchesi M, Biffoni M, Trinchi S, Turriziani V, Campana FP. Facial nerve function after parotidectomy for neoplasms with deep localization. Surg Today. 2006;36(4):308–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kwatra V, Charakidis M, Karanth NV. Bilateral facial nerve palsy associated with amphiphysin antibody in metastatic breast cancer: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021;15(1):158.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Cohen Y, Lavie O, Granovsky-Grisaru S, Aboulafia Y, Diamant YZ. Bell palsy complicating pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2000;55(3):184–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fuzi J, Spencer S, Seckold E, Damiano S, Meller C. Bell's palsy during pregnancy and the post-partum period: A contemporary management approach. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(3):102914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lee RT, Oster MW, Balmaceda C, Hesdorffer CS, Vahdat LT, Papadopoulos KP. Bilateral facial nerve palsy secondary to the administration of high-dose paclitaxel. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(10):1245–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Brown S, Isaacson B, Kutz W, Barnett S, Rozen SM. Facial Nerve Trauma: Clinical Evaluation and Management Strategies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;143(5):1498–512.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Scott B. Roofe M, Caroline M. Kolb, Jared Seibert. Chapter 18 Cranial nerve injuries. Otolaryngology/head and neck surgery combat casualty care in operation Iraqi freedom and operation enduring freedom 2015. 2016; Textbooks of Military Medicine (ISBN 9780160930348).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Abu-Sittah GS, Hoballah JJ, Bakhach J. Reconstructing the war injured patient. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-56885-0; 2017.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. Garg RK, Paliwal VK. Spectrum of neurological complications following COVID-19 vaccination. Neurol Sci. 2022;43(1):3–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tregoning JS, Russell RF, Kinnear E. Adjuvanted influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(3):550–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Loke JY, Mohd Ali H, Kamalden TA. Osteopetrosis craniopathy: a rare cause of bilateral compressive optic neuropathy and facial nerve palsy. Postgrad Med J. 2019;95(1127):513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Nagappa M, Taly AB, Mahadevan A, Pooja M, Bindu PS, Chickabasaviah YT, et al. Tangier's disease: an uncommon cause of facial weakness and non-length dependent demyelinating neuropathy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2016;19(1):137–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Vucic S, Tian D, Chong PS, Cudkowicz ME, Hedley-Whyte ET, Cros D. Facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy (FOSMN syndrome): a novel syndrome in neurology. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 12):3384–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ricciardi L, De Angelis A, Marsili L, Faiman I, Pradhan P, Pereira EA, et al. Hypomimia in Parkinson's disease: an axial sign responsive to levodopa. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(12):2422–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gaudin RA, Jowett N, Banks CA, Knox CJ, Hadlock TA. Bilateral facial paralysis: a 13-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(4):879–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pothiawala S, Lateef F. Bilateral facial nerve palsy: a diagnostic dilemma. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2012;2012:458371.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Hiraga A, Muto M, Kuwabara S. Loss of taste as an initial symptom of a "Facial Diplegia and Paresthesia" variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Intern Med. 2022;61(19):2957–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1985;93(2):146–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Volk GF, Pohlmann M, Sauer M, Finkensieper M, Guntinas-Lichius O. Quantitative ultrasonography of facial muscles in patients with chronic facial palsy. Muscle Nerve. 2014;50(3):358–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Xiao L, Sonne SB, Feng Q, Chen N, Xia Z, Li X, et al. High-fat feeding rather than obesity drives taxonomical and functional changes in the gut microbiota in mice. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Somasundara D, Sullivan F. Management of Bell's palsy. Aust Prescr. 2017;40(3):94–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Menchetti I, McAllister K, Walker D, Donnan PT. Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;1:CD007468.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Beurskens CH, Heymans PG. Physiotherapy in patients with facial nerve paresis: description of outcomes. Am J Otolaryngol. 2004;25(6):394–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kim JH, Fisher LM, Reder L, Hapner ER, Pepper JP. Speech and communicative participation in patients with facial paralysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;144(8):686–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental und Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria

    Wolfgang Grisold

  2. Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Division of Neurology University Hospital Tulln, Tulln, Austria

    Walter Struhal

  3. Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Anna Grisold

Authors
  1. Wolfgang Grisold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Walter Struhal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anna Grisold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Grisold, W., Struhal, W., Grisold, A. (2023). Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve. In: The Cranial Nerves in Neurology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43081-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43081-7_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-43080-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-43081-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation