Abstract
Imaging dynamically changing events requires time-resolved measurements, which can be challenging for multidimensional imaging applications, especially when the time scale approaches the limit of electronics. In this chapter, we described typical sampling-based temporal domain imaging techniques, often in the nanosecond to femtosecond regimes. The general pulse sampling principles are first introduced along with the concept of time-space conversion and its application in fast optical signal measurements. Key instrumentation technologies enabling such measurements (e.g., light sources and detectors) are summarized. The basic sampling-based time-domain imaging techniques and their variations are subsequently presented, which is the focus of the chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Becker W (2021) The bh TCSPC handbook, 9th edition, accessed and available on www.becker-hickl.com
Beresh SJ (2021) Time-resolved particle image velocimetry, Meas. Sci. Technol. 32 102003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac08c5
Richard M. Ballew and J. N. Demas, An error analysis of the rapid lifetime determination method for the evaluation of single exponential decays, Analytical Chemistry 1989 61 (1), 30–33, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00176a007
D. Bronzi et al., “100 000 Frames/s 64 × 32 Single-Photon Detector Array for 2-D Imaging and 3-D Ranging,” in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 355–364, Nov.–Dec. 2014, Art no. 3804310, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2341562.
Bruschini, C., Homulle, H., Antolovic, I.M. et al. (2019) Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook. Light Sci Appl 8, 87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-019-0191-5
Böhm, U., Hell, S. & Schmidt, R. 4Pi-RESOLFT nanoscopy. Nat Commun 7, 10504 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10504
A. J. Campillo and S. L. Shapiro, “Picosecond streak camera fluorometry – A review,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 585–603, 1983.
Munir El-Desouki, M. Jamal Deen, Qiyin Fang, Louis W. C. Liu, Frances Tse and David Armstrong, “CMOS Image Sensors for High Speed Applications”, Sensors, 9: 430–444, 2009
M. M. El-Desouki, D. Palubiak, M. J. Deen, Q. Fang and O. Marinov, “A Novel, High-Dynamic-Range, High-Speed, and High-Sensitivity CMOS Imager Using Time-Domain Single-Photon Counting and Avalanche Photodiodes,” in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1078–1083, April 2011a, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2010.2058846.
Munir El-Desouki, Ognian Marinov, M. Jamal Deen, Qiyin Fang, “CMOS Active-Pixel Sensor with in-situ memory for ultrahigh-speed imaging,” IEEE Sensors Journal, 11(6): 1375–1379, 2011b
Elson, D., Requejo-Isidro, J., Munro, I. et al. Time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging applied to biological tissue. Photochem Photobiol Sci 3, 795–801 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1039/b316456j
Lexy von Diezmann, Yoav Shechtman, and W. E. Moerner, Three-Dimensional Localization of Single Molecules for Super-Resolution Imaging and Single-Particle Tracking, Chemical Reviews 2017 117 (11), 7244–7275, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00629
Etoh TG, Nguyen AQ, Kamakura Y, Shimonomura K, Le TY, Mori N. The Theoretical Highest Frame Rate of Silicon Image Sensors. Sensors. 2017; 17(3):483. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030483
Q. Fang, T. Papaioannou, J. Jo, R. Vaitha, K. Shastry, and L. Marcu, “Time-domain laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy apparatus for clinical diagnostics,” Review of Scientific Instrument, Vol. 75(1): 151–162, 2004
N. Fleurot, J. P. Gex, M. Rostaing, and R. Sauneuf “High Speed (≤250 ps) High Gain X-Ray Shutter Camera”, Proc. SPIE 0348, 15th Intl Congress on High Speed Photography and Photonics, (1 March 1983); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.967833
Eugene Grigoriev, Alexander Akindinov, Marco Breitenmoser, Stefano Buono, Edoardo Charbon, Cristiano Niclass, Iris Desforges, Roberto Rocca, (2007) Silicon photomultipliers and their bio-medical applications, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 571, Issues 1–2: 130–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.046.
Istvan Gyongy, Andrew Green, Sam W. Hutchings, Amy Davies, Neale A. W. Dutton, Rory R. Duncan, Colin Rickman, Robert K. Henderson, Paul A. Dalgarno, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging of high-speed particles with single-photon image sensors,” Proc. SPIE 10889, High-Speed Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy IV, 108890O (4 March 2019); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2510773
Nehad Hirmiz, Anthony Tsikouras, Elizabeth J. Osterlund, Morgan Richards, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, “Multiplexed confocal microscope with a refraction window scanner and a single-photon avalanche photodiode array detector,” Optics Letters 45(1): 69–72, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.45.000069
Nehad Hirmiz, Anthony Tsikouras, Elizabeth J. Osterlund, Morgan Richards, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, “Highly Multiplexed Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Microscope Designed for Screening Applications,” IEEE Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 27(5):1–9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2020.2997834
IEEE Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders, 2017
Giuseppe Intermite, Aongus McCarthy, Ryan E. Warburton, Ximing Ren, Federica Villa, Rudi Lussana, Andrew J. Waddie, Mohammad R. Taghizadeh, Alberto Tosi, Franco Zappa, and Gerald S. Buller, “Fill-factor improvement of Si CMOS single-photon avalanche diode detector arrays by integration of diffractive microlens arrays,” Opt. Express 23, 33777–33791 (2015)
Vijay Iyer, Bradley Edward Losavio, Peter Saggau, “Compensation of spatial and temporal dispersion for acousto-optic multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 8(3) (1 July 2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1580827
Yan Kang, Ruikai Xue, Xiaofang Wang, Tongyi Zhang, Fanxing Meng, Lifei Li, and Wei Zhao, “High-resolution depth imaging with a small-scale SPAD array based on the temporal-spatial filter and intensity image guidance,” Opt. Express 30, 33994–34011 (2022)
Valentin Kapitany, Vytautas Zickus, Areeba Fatima, and Daniele Faccio, Single-shot time-folded fluorescence lifetime imaging, PNAS, 120 (16) e2214617120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214617120
Georg Kirchner, Franz Koidl, Josef Blazej, Karel Hamal, and Ivan Prochazka “Time-walk-compensated SPAD: multiple-photon versus single-photon operation”, Proc. SPIE 3218, Laser Radar Ranging and Atmospheric Lidar Techniques, (22 December 1997); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.295659
K. Kinoshita, Y. Inagaki, T. Nakamura, A. Takahashi, and M. Koishi “Gated Microchannel Plate Framing Camera”, Proc. SPIE 1155, Ultrahigh Speed and High Speed Photography, Photonics, and Videography ’89: Seventh in a Series, (17 January 1990); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.962446
Martin Kögler and Bryan Heilala (2020) Time-gated Raman spectroscopy – a review, Meas. Sci. Technol. 32 012002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/abb044
Raymond K. Kostuk and James Carriere, “Interconnect characteristics of fiber image guides,” Appl. Opt. 40, 2428–2434 (2001)
Joseph R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Springer 2006
D. X. Lioe et al., “A CMOS Lock-In Pixel Image Sensor With Multisimultaneous Gate for Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy,” in IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 1102–1108, March 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2023.3236591.
Regina Won Kay Leung, Shu-Chi Allison Yeh, and Qiyin Fang, “Effects of incomplete decay in fluorescence lifetime estimation,” Biomedical Optics Express 2(9):2517–2531, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.2.002517
Lee, J., Park, S. & Hohng, S. Accelerated FRET-PAINT microscopy. Mol Brain 11, 70 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-018-0414-3
J. Mizeret, T. Stepinac, M. Hansroul, A. Studzinski, H. van den Bergh and G. Wagnières, “Instrumentation for real-time fluorescence lifetime imaging in endoscopy,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 70, no. 12, pp. 4689–4701, 1999.
Min-Woong, S., Shirakawa, Y., Kagawa, K., Yasutomi, K. and Kawahito, S., “A high performance multi-tap CMOS lock-in pixel image sensor for biomedical applications,” High-Speed Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy: Toward Big Data Instrumentation and Management II, 10076(100760V) (2017)
B. Nahrath, M. Shakhatre, and G. Decker, “Nanosecond x-ray pictures recorded with a pulsed channel plate”, Review of Scientific Instruments 47, 88–89 (1976) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1134499
Zhaojun Nie, Ran An, Joseph E. Hayward, Thomas J. Farrell, Qiyin Fang, “Hyperspectral fluorescence lifetime imaging for optical biopsy,” Journal of Biomedical Optics 18 (9):096001, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.18.9.096001
M. Nisoli and G. Sansone, “New frontiers in attosecond science,” Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 17–59, 2009.
Osterlund, E.J., Hirmiz, N., Tardif, C., Andrews, D.W. (2019). Rapid Imaging of BCL-2 Family Interactions in Live Cells Using FLIM-FRET. In: Gavathiotis, E. (eds) BCL-2 Family Proteins. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1877. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8861-7_19
Palubiak, D.; El-Desouki, M.; Marinov, O.; Deen, M.J.; Fang, Q. High-speed, single-photon avalanche-photodiode imager for biomedical applications. IEEE Sens. J. 2011, 11, 2401–2412.
https://photron.com/pharsighted/, Access on April 7, 2023
Yannick Salamin, Ping Ma, Benedikt Baeuerle, Alexandros Emboras, Yuriy Fedoryshyn, Wolfgang Heni, Bojun Cheng, Arne Josten, and Juerg Leuthold, 100 GHz Plasmonic Photodetector, ACS Photonics 2018 5 (8), 3291–3297, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00525
Villa F, Severini F, Madonini F, Zappa F. SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). Sensors. 2021; 21(11):3839. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113839
Tiwari, V., Sutton, M.A. & McNeill, S.R. Assessment of High Speed Imaging Systems for 2D and 3D Deformation Measurements: Methodology Development and Validation. Exp Mech 47, 561–579 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-006-9011-y
Anthony Tsikouras, Pietro Peronio, Ivan Rech, Nehad Hirmiz, M. Jamal Deen, and Qiyin Fang, “Characterization of SPAD Array for Multifocal High-Content Screening Applications,” Photonics 3(4):56, 2016; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics3040056
Anthony Tsikouras, Jin Ning, Sandy Ng, Richard Berman, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, “Streak camera crosstalk reduction using a multiple delay optical fiber bundle,” Opt. Lett. 37, 250–252 (2012)
Urayama, P., Zhong, W., Beamish, J. et al. A UV–Visible–NIR fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope for laser-based biological sensing with picosecond resolution. Appl Phys B 76, 483–496 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-003-1152-4
A. Varma, A.S. Mukasyan, S. Hwang, Dynamics of self-propagating reactions in heterogeneous media: experiments and model, Chemical Engineering Science, 56(4): 1459–1466, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00371-7.
Frederick J. Wallace (1963) Fiber Optic Endoscopy, J. Urology, 90(3):324–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)64414-8
Wu, J., Ji, N. & Tsia, K.K. Speed scaling in multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Nat. Photon. 15, 800–812 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-021-00881-0
Xue Y, Browne AW, Tang WC, Delgado J, McLelland BT, Nistor G, Chen JT, Chew K, Lee N, Keirstead HS and Seiler MJ (2021) Retinal Organoids Long-Term Functional Characterization Using Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime and Hyperspectral Microscopy. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 15:796903. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.796903
Ye Yuan, Thanassis Papaioannou, and Qiyin Fang, “Single-shot acquisition of time-resolved fluorescence spectra using a multiple delay optical fiber bundle,” Opt. Lett. 33, 791–793 (2008)
Mizeret, Jérôme, Thomas Stepinac, Marc Hansroul, André Studzinski, Hubert van den Bergh, and Georges Wagnières, “Instrumentation for real-time fluorescence lifetime imaging in endoscopy.” Review of Scientific Instruments 70(12): 4689–4701 (1999).
Nehad Hirmiz, Anthony Tsikouras, Elizabeth J. Osterlund, Morgan Richards, David W. Andrews, and Qiyin Fang, “Cross-talk reduction in a multiplexed synchroscan streak camera with simultaneous calibration,” Opt. Express. 27, 22602–22614, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.022602
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fang, Q., Richards, M., Wang, Y. (2024). Sampling-Based Two-Dimensional Temporal Imaging. In: Liang, J. (eds) Coded Optical Imaging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39062-3_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39062-3_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-39061-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-39062-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)