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Giuseppe Paolo Stanislao Occhialini (1907–1993) A Short Biography

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The Scientific Legacy of Beppo Occhialini

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Abstract

The development of my studies is typical of those of many people of my generation. Those among us who started their research trying to understand the nature of cosmic rays had been induced to the hunting of new particles. Actually, for more than twenty years, the only source of new particles had been the cosmic radiation. In such a way, the positron, the \(\pi \)- and \(\mu \)-mesons, the K-mesons, and the hyperons had been discovered. In 1954, when the Bevatron, the big accelerating machine, able to produce strange particles and the anti-proton, started to work, this time of grace of the cosmic rays found its end. At that time the physicists, who had an easy, adventurous, and less expensive way, found themselves in front of a choice.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hand-written note by Occhialini’s wife. Undated, written after 1957. Original in Italian. Occhialini Papers 8, 3, 7.

  2. 2.

    The classification advanced by Brown and Hoddeson (the historical table is on p. 7) is based on a division in five time intervals of the whole history of cosmic-rays physics: (a) the prehistory (up to 1911); (b) the age of discovery and exploration (1911–1930); (c) the first particle age (1930–1946); (d) the second particle age (1947–1953); e) the astrophysics age (from 1953 on).

  3. 3.

    An enjoying fact concerns Beppo’s proper name: “The origin of his initials, G. P. S., supplies an amusing example of Occhialini’s unorthodox approach. At the beginning of his career, he styled himself, as most Italians, with a single first name: Giuseppe. Upon joining Blackett, he opted for multiple initials. He explained that he added “P” for Peppino (a nickname for Giuseppe), and “S” for Sommerfeld, a pseudonym under which he had run as a sprinter in his student days (during an exam period). In actual fact, the Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists lists, in addition to Giuseppe, the names Paolo and Stanislao” [2]. A copy of his birth certificate, delivered in the ’50s (having been the original documents destroyed during the war) attests his full name to be Giuseppe Paolo Stanislao, though it is right that he signed his first papers only with his first name.

  4. 4.

    Biographical notes about Raffaele Augusto Occhialini can be found in [3].

  5. 5.

    Biographical information about Giuseppe Occhialini can be found in [2, 4,5,6,7,8,9].

  6. 6.

    Reference [9], quotation on p. 322.

  7. 7.

    Reference [9], quotation on p. 322.

  8. 8.

    Information about the course of physics in Florence, in the period took into account here, is in [10].

  9. 9.

    Reference [9], quotation on p. 322.

  10. 10.

    On Bruno Rossi, and his role in cosmic-ray physics in this period, see [11,12,13,14].

  11. 11.

    On the general situation of physics in Italy of that time, see [15, 16].

  12. 12.

    “Beppo Occhialini, still a student, was looking for a theme as argument of the Thesis for his Laurea. One day he told me this story: his father Augusto, Professor of Physics in Genova, used to spend the summer months in Germany for his research programs in Atomic Spectroscopy and coming back in fall 1927 reported about the experiments of Bothe and Kohlhorster on the Cosmic Radiation. Beppo proposed “Cosmic Rays” as theme for the thesis to his tutor and Bruno, after a reconnaisance tour in Germany, decided to make “Cosmic Rays as the main field of the research activity for his group in Florence.” Quotation from [17] on slide 7.

  13. 13.

    On the early history of cosmic rays, see [18, 19], and the fundamental recollections in [20].

  14. 14.

    On the Arcetri School, see [21].

  15. 15.

    According to Occhialini, the Geiger-Müller counter was like the Colt in the Far West: a cheap instrument usable by everyone on one’s way through a hard frontier.

  16. 16.

    Reference [4], quotation on p. 334.

  17. 17.

    Reference [7], quotation on p. 64.

  18. 18.

    On the history of physics in Cambridge in the ’30s, see [25] and Blackett’s own reminiscences in [26].

  19. 19.

    On Rutherford at the Cavendish, see [27].

  20. 20.

    On the history of the use of the cloud chamber in physical researches, see the chapter “Cloud Chambers: The Peculiar Genius of British Physics” in [28], pp. 65–141.

  21. 21.

    On Blackett’s contributions to cosmic-ray physics with the cloud chamber, see [29].

  22. 22.

    On the controlled cloud chamber, see [30].

  23. 23.

    Reference [31], quotation on p. 18. Besides Lovell’s work, biographical informations on Blackett can be found in [32].

  24. 24.

    Reference [33], quotation on p. 144.

  25. 25.

    On the discovery of the positron see Hanson’s classical studies [37], De Maria and Russo’s historical reconstruction [38], and Roqué’s analysis [39].

  26. 26.

    Letter from P. M. S. Blackett (Manchester) to A. Occhialini (Genoa), November 21st 1948. Occhialini Papers 1, 1, 3.

  27. 27.

    On Gleb Wataghin in São Paulo, see [41].

  28. 28.

    On the early history of physical sciences in Brazil, see [42,43,44,45,46].

  29. 29.

    On Marcelo Damy de Souza Santos, see his interview [47].

  30. 30.

    On Mario Schönberg, see his interviews [48, 49].

  31. 31.

    On Cesar Lattes, see [50,51,52].

  32. 32.

    Reference [9], quotation on p. 323.

  33. 33.

    On the Biophysics Laboratory in Rio de Janeiro, see [53].

  34. 34.

    On the history of the Department of Physics in Bristol, see [54]. On the history of the Cosmic Ray School of Physics in Bristol, see [55].

  35. 35.

    On the history of the use of nuclear emulsions in physical researches, see the chapter “Nuclear Emulsions: The Anxiety of the Experimenter” in [28], pp. 143–238.

  36. 36.

    Reference [4], quotation on p. 336.

  37. 37.

    On the discovery of the \(\pi \)-meson and the contemporary discovery of the V-particles, see the recollection of reminiscences and papers in [56]. See also [57, 58]. On the researches concerning particle physics in the ’30 and ’40s, see also the recollections in [59].

  38. 38.

    Biographical information on Powell is in [60, 61].

  39. 39.

    Reference [60], quotation on p. 36.

  40. 40.

    Reference [54], quotation on p. 38.

  41. 41.

    On the reflecting microscope, see [64].

  42. 42.

    “Here we had two of the greatest physicists of their time, experimenters who were destined to become Nobel Prize winners and men who had the ability to inspire the countless researchers who were attracted to work with them. It would be hard to find British cosmic-rayites who had not worked in either of their laboratories, and indeed many of the European (not forgetting Eastern European) cosmic-ray physicists had received part at least of their training in Manchester or Bristol.” Reference [69], quotation on p. 27.

  43. 43.

    Reference [4], quotation on p. 340.

  44. 44.

    Letter from Augusto Occhialini (Genoa) to Giuseppe Occhialini (Brussels) (1950). Occhialini Papers 5, 1, 2.

  45. 45.

    Letter from Cecil Powell (Bristol) to Giuseppe Occhialini (Brussels), May 12th, 1950. Powell Papers. Bristol University Special Collections DM 1947/E.303.

  46. 46.

    On the state of physical researches in Italy soon after WW II, see [71].

  47. 47.

    On biographical information on Constance Charlotte Dilworth, see [72, 73].

  48. 48.

    Reference [74], quotation on p. 737.

  49. 49.

    On the history of scientific and physical studies in Milan, see [78,79,80].

  50. 50.

    Reference [9], quotation on p. 324.

  51. 51.

    The G-Stack flight itself had been prepared in a very short time in order to precede the results that would have been with the accelerating machines soon after. “Leprince Ringuet expressed, with an elegant metaphor, the attitude to this threat. Rather than to ‘retire to the country and wait six months for Brookhaven to give the answers’, the community would continue to work in the field in the hope that the higher energy components of the cosmic rays would still reserve some surprises. It was in this sort of climate that the G-Stack collaboration was born. It was a last minute attempt to beat the machines.” Reference [74], quotation on p. 739.

  52. 52.

    See the paragraph on Bagnères-de-Bigorre in [81].

  53. 53.

    “I would like to take the point of view that two particles are equal until they are proven different.” Reference [81], quotation on p. 8.

  54. 54.

    For the results of the G-Stack experiment see [82, 83].

  55. 55.

    Reference [5], quotation on pp. 614–615.

  56. 56.

    “Beppo is certainly not a home cooking man: he discerns the potentiality of the “spark chamber” as a detector fit for balloons and satellites and begins a collaboration with Saclay which masters the spark chamber technology and that is also bring to pass a partial change, from particles to space.” Quotation from [5] on p. 616.

  57. 57.

    Reference [4], quotation on p. 338.

  58. 58.

    The GIFCO was born with the constitution of four laboratiories: the ITESRE in Bologna, the IFSI in Frascati, the IFCTR in Milan, and the CosmoGeofisica in Turin, with two divisions in Florence and Palermo. The Palermo division will be the fifth laboratory in 1981, the IFCAI. After the event, this well-intended operation might have suffered of some deficiencies in the coordination of the groups: “The CNR responded to the initiative, with the agility of an asthmatic pachyderm, by mistaking (I’m quoting Occhialini’s words) the timing typical of archaeological excavations in Pompei, for that necessary to the reaction to a fast countdown for a rocket on the launching pad.” Quotation from [5] on p. 617.

  59. 59.

    On the history of space physics in Europe, see [87, 88].

  60. 60.

    On the history of gamma-ray astronomy, see [89].

  61. 61.

    Reference [89], quotation on p. 45.

  62. 62.

    Reference [4], quotation on p. 339.

  63. 63.

    After Bruno Rossi was named the NASA X-Ray Explorer.

  64. 64.

    Reference [8], quotation on pp. 238–239.

  65. 65.

    Occhialini was one of the discoverers of a large cave in the French Pyrénées, the Pierre St. Martin Cave, 1342 m deep, which will be for a long time the deepest cave the world over.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy

    Leonardo Gariboldi

  2. Università degli Studi di Milano (Retired), Milano, Italy

    Pasquale Tucci

Authors
  1. Leonardo Gariboldi
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  2. Pasquale Tucci
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Correspondence to Leonardo Gariboldi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Leonardo Gariboldi

  2. Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Massimo Gervasi

  3. University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Giorgio Sironi

  4. Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Insubria, Como, Italy

    Aldo Treves

  5. Milan, Italy

    Pasquale Tucci

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Gariboldi, L., Tucci, P. (2024). Giuseppe Paolo Stanislao Occhialini (1907–1993) A Short Biography. In: Gariboldi, L., Gervasi, M., Sironi, G., Treves, A., Tucci, P. (eds) The Scientific Legacy of Beppo Occhialini. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37034-2_2

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