Abstract
The construction sector has high resource demands and generates a significant amount of waste, a consequence of its linear approach. A shift towards renewable and local material sources and the implementation of closed material cycles represent a significant opportunity for the construction industry to curtail the depletion of raw materials. To address these challenges, this paper presents a strategy for a novel circular construction method that combines willow, a rapidly renewable material, with earth and is enabled by digital fabrication, which can sustain their industrialisation through tailored processes. Emerging from a materiality perspective, the research revisited vernacular building techniques that used plant- and earth-based composites, exemplified by the vernacular wattle and daub, to understand how these can be enhanced through digital design and digital fabrication. Willow (Salix) is a woody plant native to Europe whose stems can be harvested yearly, thanks to specific forestry practices, namely short rotation coppice, that allow the plant to regenerate in rapid cycles. To use willow for construction, geometry and textile techniques were implemented to create stable structures. In combination with earth, a finite but abundant and infinitely recyclable material, it creates a sustainable and circular composite that exploits the structural characteristics of each constituent material. Digital design methods enabled the exploration of different geometrical variations and ensured an increased degree of control over their complexity at different scales. The research results were tested in a full-scale prototype, demonstrating the principles of the envisioned construction systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Optimum refers to the optimum water content state where the soil reaches maximum dry density. Plastic state indicates an excess of water above this level. Liquid state is from the point when the earth begins to crumble when rolled into a specific cylindrical shape.
References
Aust C, Schweier J, Brodbeck F, Sauter U, Becker G, Schnitzler J (2013) Land availability and potential biomass production with poplar and willow short rotation coppices in Germany. GCB Bioenergy 6(5):521–533
Bouza H, Asut S (2020) Advancing reed-based architecture through circular digital fabrication. In: Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe: anthropologic—architecture and fabrication in the cognitive age, vol 1
Bruno A, Scott B, D’Offay-Mancienne Y, Perlot C (2020) Recyclability, durability and water vapour adsorption of unstabilised and stabilised compressed earth bricks. Mater Struct 53(6)
Çetin S, De Wolf C, Bocken N (2021) Circular digital built environment: an emerging framework. Sustainability 13(11)
Claytec. Baulehm. https://www.claytec.de/de/produkte/ergaenzungsprodukte/baulehm_pid436. Accessed 01 Oct 2022
Conluto. Lehm-Unterputz erdfeucht. https://www.conluto.de/produkt/lehm-unterputz-erdfeucht/. Accessed 01 Oct 2022
Cruz P (2013) Structures and architecture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida
Dawod M, Deetman A, Akbar Z, Heise J, Böhm S, Klussmann H, Eversmann P (2019) Continuous timber fibre placement. Impact, Design With All Senses, pp 460–473
Dias A, Schänzlin J, Dietsch P (2018) Design of timber-concrete composite structures. COST Action FP1402/WG 4
Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2019) Circular Economy Glossary. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/vj6i9k5yax0n-1fkyvu/. Accessed 29 Sept 2022
Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2022) Circulate products and materials. https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circulate-products-and-materials. Accessed 29 Sept 2022
ETH Zurich—dbt (2022) Digital bamboo. https://dbt.arch.ethz.ch/project/digital-bamboo/. Accessed 01 Oct 2022
European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication (2020) Circular economy action plan: for a cleaner and more competitive Europe. Publications Office of the European Union
Eurostat (2022) Waste statistics—statistics explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Waste_statistics#Total_waste_generation. Accessed 28 Sept 2022
Faasch R, Patenaude G (2012) The economics of short rotation coppice in Germany. Biomass Bioenerg 45:27–40
Fabbri A, Morel J-C, Aubert J-E, Bui Q-B, Gallipoli D, Reddy V (2022) Testing and characterisation of earth-based building materials and elements: state-of-the-art report of the RILEM TC 274-TCE. Springer International Publishing, Cham
Gil Pérez M, Guo Y, Knippers J (2022) Integrative material and structural design methods for natural fibres filament-wound composite structures: the LivMatS pavilion. Mater Des 217:110624
Hegger M, Fuchs M, Stark T, Zeumer M (2007) Energie atlas. Institut für Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation, München
Klep M (2015) A policy study on the sustainable use of construction materials. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ENV/EPOC/%20WPRPW(2014)4/FINAL&docLanguage=En. Accessed 1 Oct 2022
MAS DFAB ETH (2022) MAS DFAB: mesh mould earth construction—D-ARCH. https://works.arch.ethz.ch/thesis/mesh-mould-earth-construction. Accessed 29 Sept 2022
Morel J-C, Charef R, Hamard E, Fabbri A, Beckett C, Bui Q-B (2021) Earth as construction material in the circular economy context: practitioner perspectives on barriers to overcome. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 376(1834):20200182
Özdemir E, Saeidi N, Javadian A, Rossi A, Nolte N, Ren S, Dwan A, Acosta I, Hebel D, Wurm J, Eversmann P (2022) Wood-veneer-reinforced mycelium composites for sustainable building components. Biomimetics 7(2):39
Trummer J, Schneider M, Lechner M, Jarmer T, Demoulin T, Landrou G, Nagler F, Winter S, Dörfler K (2022) Digital design and fabrication strategy of a hybrid timber-earth floor slab. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1078(1):012062
USGB. Rapidly renewable materials | U.S. Green Building Council. https://www.usgbc.org/credits/new-construction-schools/v2009/mrc6?return=/credits/new-construction/v2009. Accessed 29 Sept 2022
Van der Linden J, Janssens B, Knapen E (2019) Potential of contemporary earth architecture for low impact building in Belgium. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 323:012018
Verwijst T, Lundkvist A, Edelfeldt S, Albertsso J (2013) Development of sustainable willow short rotation forestry in Northern Europe. Biomass now—sustainable growth and use
Volhard F, Röhlen U (2009) Lehmbau Regeln, 3rd edn. Dachverbands Lehm e.V, Weimar
Vyncke J, Kupers L, Denies N (2018) Earth as building material—an overview of RILEM activities and recent innovations in geotechnics. MATEC Web Conf 149:02001
Zami M, Lee A (2010) Stabilised or unstabilised earth construction for contemporary urban housing? In: 5th International conference on responsive manufacturing—green manufacturing (ICRM 2010)
Acknowledgements
This research was possible thanks to the invaluable contribution of various researchers and students at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). The initial concepts and prototypes were developed together with the students of the course “Digital Wicker”. The research was deepened and expanded with the full-scale demonstrator together with the students of the course “Digital Wicker 2.0” Teodora Bondar, Elisabeth Genest, Shunze Hou, Alicia Pizzignacco, Cesar Requejo Peña, Lara Sodomann and Kalin Yanev. Finally, the authors would like to express their gratitude towards their fellow investigators Daniel Fischer, Fanny Kranz, Javier Fuentes and Michael Kalkbrenner for their support throughout the development of the research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Zanetti, E., Olah, E., Haußer, T., Casalnuovo, G., La Magna, R., Dörstelmann, M. (2024). InterTwig—Willow and Earth Composites for Digital Circular Construction. In: Thomsen, M.R., Ratti, C., Tamke, M. (eds) Design for Rethinking Resources. UIA 2023. Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36554-6_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36554-6_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-36553-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-36554-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)