Pursuing the Idea of India

Elli, Mauro; Paolini, Rita

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36425-9_2

Mauro Elli⁵ &
Rita Paolini⁶

Part of the book series: Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World ((SCCCW))

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Abstract

After an early upbringing in traditional Kerala, as a student in Oxford, young Panikkar had a defining experience by coming in touch with both Western culture and the ideas of the Indian national movement. These contacts were instrumental to the elaboration of a very peculiar form of Indian nationalism, in which the centrality of tradition is accompanied by the necessity of modernisation and by the defence of internal diversity. These ideas, which emerged from his early writings, were tested through his active participation in the national movement in the early 1920s. By 1926, Panikkar was back in Europe for new studies, which led him to a new career in Indian princely states.

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Notes

1.
Alleppey during the British rule.
2.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘Some Aspects of Nayar Life’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 48: 1918, 254–93.
3.
On varna in Induism, see Christophe Jaffrelot, ‘The Politics of Castes’, in Neil DeVotta (ed.), Understanding Contemporary India, (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2021), 249–67 and Brian Smith, Classifying the Universe. The Ancient Indian Varna System and the Origins of Caste, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
4.
According to Anil Seal nairs claimed kshatriya status for themselves: Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 95–7, 109. According to Panikkar, it was improper considering nairs as kshatriya, though they represented de facto a feudal aristocracy of a kind: Panikkar, ‘Some Aspects of Nayar Life’, 255.
5.
Robin Jeffrey, ‘Travancore. Status, Class and the Growth of Radical Politics, 1860–1940. The Temple-Entry Movement’, in Robin Jeffrey (ed.), People, Princes and Paramount Power: Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 136–69.
6.
Robin Jeffrey, The Decline of Nair Dominance, Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847–1908 (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1994), xviii.
7.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 1.
8.
Panikkar, ‘Some Aspects of Nayar Life’.
9.
P.V. Panikkar, The Family Tree of Chalayil, (unpublished).
10.
Panikkar, ‘Some Aspects of Nayar Life’, 260.
11.
See Velu Ramon Pillai and Puthenveetil Govinda Kerala Panikkar, Land Reclamation in Kerala, (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1965), 16–7.
12.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 2.
13.
Ivi, 3.
14.
R.K. Nair, (K.M. Panikkar’s grandson) to Rita Paolini, 31 May 2008.
15.
Panikkar, ‘Some Aspects of Nayar Life’, 262–3.
16.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 3.
17.
Ivi, 4.
18.
A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History, (Kottayam: DC Books, 2007), 270–2; Ramusack, The Indian Princes and Their States, 174–5. See also Caroline Keen, Princely India and the British, (London: Tauris, 2012), 161–6.
19.
Jeffrey, The Decline of Nair Dominance, 63–4.
20.
Panikkar, ‘Some Aspects of Nayar Life’, 259–60.
21.
Richard Whateley, Easy Lessons on Money Matters: For the Use of Young People, (London: John Parker, 1837).
22.
Samuel Smiles, Self-Help; With Illustrations of Character, Conduct, and Perseverance, (London: John Murray, 1866).
23.
Jeffrey, The Decline of Nair Dominance, 135–6. See also Aya Ikegame, Princely India Re-imagined, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), 53–70.
24.
G. Arunima, There Comes Papa. Colonialism and the Transformation of Matriliny in Kerala, Malabar (1850–1940), (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2003), 106–95.
25.
Charles Heimsath, ‘The Functions of Hindu Social Reformers—With Special Reference to Kerala’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 15: 1, 1978, 21–39.
26.
Praveena Kodoth, ‘Courting Legitimacy or Delegitimizing Custom? Sexuality, Sambandham, and Marriage Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century Malabar’, Modern Asian Studies, 35: 2, 2001, 349–84.
27.
Panikkar, The Family Tree of Chalayil, 7.
28.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 26.
29.
See T.K. Velu Pillai, The Travancore State Manual, vol. II: History, (Trivandrum: Government of Travancore, 1940), 605–7.
30.
Panikkar, The Family Tree of Chalayil, 8–9.
31.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 4–9.
32.
Interview with Kavalam Narayana Panikkar, (K.M. Panikkar’s nephew), 10 April 2008.
33.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 13–4.
34.
Panikkar, ‘Some Aspects of Nayar Life’, 266–72, 289.
35.
In general, see Richard Symonds, Oxford and Empire: The Last Lost Cause? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986) and Shompa Lahiri, Indians in Britain: Anglo-Indian Encounters, Race and Identity, 1880–1930, (London: Frank Cass, 2000).
36.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 16.
37.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘What Life Has Taught Me’, Bharatya Vidya Bhavan’s Journal, 5 January 1964, 16.
38.
See Mahommedali Currim Changla, Roses in December, (Bombay: Bharatya Vidya Bhavan, 1978), 34.
39.
Lahiri, Indians in Britain.
40.
Report of the Committee on Indian Students 1921–22 (London: HMSO, 1922).
41.
‘Antecedents of Mr. Panikar’, R/1/1/1714, India Office Records (hereafter IOR). ‘Extract from the Madras Classified List of Political suspects &c., 1923’, L/PJ/12/264, IOR. ‘Indian students and societies at Oxford and Cambridge: Scotland Yard. Reports on individuals and conferences. Feb. 1936–Apr. 1946. Earlier files destroyed’, L/PJ/12/4, IOR. See also Symonds, Oxford and Empire, 259.
42.
Hugh Owen, ‘Mrs Annie Besant and the Rise of Political Activity in South India 1914–1919’, in Id. (ed.), The Indian Nationalist Movement, 1912–1922, (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1990), 41–54. See also Raj Kumar, Annie Besant: Founder of Home Rule Movement, (Jaipur: Pointer Publishers, 2003) and Jyoti Chandra, Annie Besant: From Theosophy to Nationalism, (New Delhi: K.K. Publications, 2001).
43.
Hugh Owen, ‘Towards Nation-Wide Agitation and Organisation; the Home Rule Leagues, 1915–1918’, in Id. (ed.), The Indian Nationalist Movement, 55–99. Michelguglielmo Torri, ‘Il nazionalismo come fenomeno di élite: Annie Besant ed il movimento per la “home rule” nella presidenza di Madras (1914–1917)’, in Id. (ed.), Regime coloniale, intellettuali e notabili in India. Politica e società nell’era del nazionalismo, (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1996), 109–83.
44.
Jim Masselos, Indian Nationalism: An History, (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1985).
45.
Hugh Owen, ‘Negotiating the Lucknow Pact’, in Id. (ed.), The Indian Nationalist Movement, 100–48.
46.
Michelguglielmo Torri, Storia dell’India, (Rome-Bari: Laterza, 2000), 519. See also Arvind Elangovan, ‘Constitutionalism, Political Exclusion, and Implications for Indian Constitutional History: The Case of Montagu Chelmsford Reforms (1919)’, South Asian History and Culture, 7: 3, 2016, 271–88 and Farzana Khan, Political Problems of British India with Special Reference to the Introduction of Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919–1928, Ph.D. Dissertation, (Montreal: McGill University, 1979).
47.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 20.
48.
‘Antecedents of Mr. Panikar’, R/1/1/1714, IOR. ‘Extract from the Madras Classified List of Political Suspects &c., 1923’, L/PJ/12/264, IOR.
49.
Paramasiva Subbarayan, ‘A Tribute to Panikkar’, in B.J. Chacko (ed.), Sardar K.M. Panikkar. Shashtyabdapoorthy Souvenir, (Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Press, 1954), 92–5.
50.
K.M. Panikkar, An Introduction to the Study of the Problems of Greater-India, (Madras: Swaminathan, 1916).
51.
Roland Wilson, ‘An Introduction to the Study of Problems of Greater India’, The Asiatic Review, 12: 1917, 66–70.
52.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘Problems of National Education in India’, The Asiatic Review, 13–14: 39, 1918, 289–306. See also ‘Discussion on Foregoing Paper’, ivi, 307–17.
53.
Vincent Smith, Oxford History of India, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1920).
54.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘India and the Imperial Cabinet’, The Commonweal, 13 August 1915, 120.
55.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘European War and Nationality’, The Commonweal, 27 August 1915, 166.
56.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘Some Economic Illusions’, The Commonweal, 1 October. 1915, 261–2.
57.
Panikkar, ‘European War and Nationality’, 166.
58.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Illusions of Anglo-India. II: Historical and Geographical Myths’, The Commonweal, 12 January 1917, 27.
59.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘Louis Kossuth and the Hungarian Revival’, The Indian Review, 16: 5, 1915, 387–9.
60.
Panikkar, An Introduction to the Study of the Problems of Greater-India, 79.
61.
John Zavos, ‘The Ārya Samāj and the Antecedents of Hindu Nationalism’, International Journal of Hindu Studies, 3: 1, 1999, 57–81 and Bettina Robotka, ‘Der Arya Samaj in der Entstehungsphase der nationale Befreiungsbewegung Indiens (1875 bis 1918)’, Asien Afrika Latinamerika, 15: 3, 1987, 445–54.
62.
Ivi, 97.
63.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Educational Problem of Indian Nationalism’, The Modern Review, 23: 1, 1918, 7–17.
64.
Panikkar, An Introduction to the Study of the Problems of Greater-India, 38.
65.
Ivi, 86–7.
66.
Panikkar, ‘The Educational Problem of Indian Nationalism’, 87.
67.
‘Discussion on the Foregoing Paper’, 310.
68.
Ivi, 316.
69.
Panikkar, ‘The Educational Problem of Indian Nationalism’, 7, 11.
70.
Ivi, 15.
71.
Ivi, 16.
72.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Claim of Imperial Citizenship’, The Commonweal, 15 September 1916, 205–6.
73.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘Indian Home Rule and Imperial Federalism’, The Commonweal, 27 October 1916, 335.
74.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Illusions of Anglo-India. I: The Cult of Efficiency’, The Commonweal, 5 January 1917, 3.
75.
Panikkar, ‘The Illusions of Anglo-India. II’, 27.
76.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Illusions of Anglo-India. III: Hypnotism and Hypothetics’, The Commonweal, 19 January 1917, 42–3.
77.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Illusions of Anglo-India. IV: Social Myths’, The Commonweal, 16 February 1917, 127–8.
78.
See Durba Ghosh, Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919–1947, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 27–59.
79.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Native States and Indian Nationalism’, The Modern Review, 25: 1, 1919, 37–44.
80.
For an overview of this issue, see S.H. Patil, The Congress Party and Princely States, (Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House, 1981), 17–89.
81.
Panikkar, ‘The Native States and Indian Nationalism’, 42.
82.
Ivi, 39.
83.
Ivi, 37.
84.
Ivi, 41.
85.
See Bipan Chandra et al., India’s Struggle for Independence, (New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 1989).
86.
On satyagraha, or “holding firmly to truth”, see Judith Brown, Gandhi’s Rise to Power: Indian Politics, 1915–1922, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 52–259.
87.
Ramanathan Suntharalingam, Indian Nationalism. An Historical Analysis, (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1983), 247–52.
88.
Torri, Storia dell’India, 527–8.
89.
Mohinder Singh, The Akali Struggle: A Retrospect, (New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 1988), 12–4.
90.
Michelguglielmo Torri, Dalla collaborazione alla rivoluzione non violenta. Il nazionalismo indiano da movimento di élite a movimento di massa, (Turin: Einaudi, 1975), 160–3; 241–3; 254–5; 273–9; 302–10. Brown, Gandhi’s Rise to Power, 190–229.
91.
Shyam Krishn Bhatnagar, History of the M.A.O. College, Aligarh, (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1969), 288–290.
92.
Mohammad Sajjad, ‘Envisioning a Future: Sir Sayyid Ahmad’s Mission of Education, in Yasmin Saikia - Raisur Rahman (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 108–37; Belkacem Belmekki, Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Muslim Cause in British India, (Boston: De Gruyter, 2020), 81–99.
93.
Shan Muhammad, Education and Politics. From Sir Syed to the Present Day. The Aligarh School, (New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, 2002), 44–116.
94.
Bhatnagar, History of the M.A.O. College, 340–51.
95.
See Khwaja Ghulam Saiyidain, ‘Panikkar—A fragmentary Appreciation’, in Chacko (ed.), Panikkar, 62–3.
96.
See S.Y. Shah, Higher Education and Politics in Colonial India. A Study of Aligarh Muslim University (1875–1920), (New Delhi: Renaissance Publishing House, 1996), 206–62 and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, History of the Aligarh Muslim University. Vol. I (1920–1945), (New Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-I Delli, 1995), 28–80.
97.
On the genesis of topoi of Indian nationalist historiography via contacts with British orientalists, see Partha Chatterjee, ‘History and the Nationalisation of Hinduism’, in Vadudha Dalmia - Heinrich von Stietencron (eds.), Representing Hinduism. The Construction of Religious Traditions and National Identity, (Delhi; London: Sage, 1995), 103–27.
98.
See Verney Lovett, History of the Indian Nationalist Movement, (London: Murray, 1920), 221–2.
99.
K.M. Panikkar, Indian Nationalism: Its Origin, History, and Ideals. By K.M. Panikkar … and an Englishman, (London: Faith Press, 1920).
100.
Ivi, 6.
101.
Ivi, 9.
102.
Ivi, 17. See also David Hardiman, ‘Purifying the Nation: The Arya Samaj in Gujarat, 1895–1930’, Indian Economic & Social History Review, 44: 1, 2007, 41–65.
103.
Panikkar, Indian Nationalism, 31–9.
104.
Ivi, 69–70.
105.
K.M. Panikkar, Sri Harsha of Kanauj. A Monograph on the History of India in the First Half of the 7th Century A.D., (Bombay: Taraporevala, 1922).
106.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 342.
107.
Shankar Goyal, History and Historiography of the Age of Harsha, (Jodhpur: Kasumanjali Press, 1992).
108.
Panikkar, Sri Harsha of Kanauj, 4–5.
109.
Ivi, 46.
110.
Smith, Oxford History of India, xi–xii.
111.
Panikkar, Sri Harsha of Kanauj, 29–30.
112.
Ivi, 34–35.
113.
Suntharilingam, Indian Nationalism, 281–5.
114.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 33–4.
115.
David Arnold, The Congress in Tamilnad. Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919–1937, (New Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1977), 51. Swaminath Natarajan, A History of the Press in India, (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1962), 188. The group included Rajagopalachari, Vavilla Venkateswara and Prakasham (as chief editor): see Tanguturi Prakasaṃ, The Journey of My Life. An Autobiography, (Hyderabad: Prakasam Institute of Development Studies, 1992), 123–4.
116.
Arnold, The Congress in Tamilnad, 19.
117.
Regarding the relationship among the provincial Congress, the Justice Party and non-Brahmin instances see Christopher Baker, The Politics of South India (1920–1937), (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976).
118.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘Europe and Asia’, The Modern Review, 34: 4, 1923, 424–7.
119.
Swapna Samel, Dalit Movement in South India (1857–1950), (New Delhi: Serial Publications: 2004), 328, 355–67. Suresh Kumar, Political Evolution in Kerala. Travancore 1859–1938, (New Delhi: Phoenix Publishing House, 1994), 88.
120.
Jeffrey, ‘Travancore’, 148–64.
121.
On the events in Vaikom, see Periyar Erode Venkatappa Ramasami, Untouchability. History of the Vaikom Agitation, (Madras: Periyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution, 1980).
122.
Kumar, Political Evolution in Kerala, 120–1; Jeffrey, ‘Travancore’; Avilliath Kutteri Gopalan, Kerala Past and Present, (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1959); Charles Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964); T.K. Ravindran, Vaikkam Satyagraha and Gandhi, (Trichur: Sri Institute of Social and Cultural Development, 1975). See also, Louise Ouwerkerk, No Elephants for the Maharaja. Social and Political Change in the Princely State of Travancore (1921–1947), (New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 1994).
123.
“He left because he could not hit it off with Mr. Srinivasa Iyengar”: ‘Gandhi to Nehru’, 15 March 1924, file 4(1), All-India Congress Committee (hereafter AICC), Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (hereafter NMML), New Delhi. Srinivasa Iyengar was President of the Madras District Congress and later President of the Congress Provincial Committee in Tamil Nadu (1925–1929). He was one of the leaders of the anti-Gandhian faction led by Rajagopalachari: see Arnold, The Congress in Tamilnad, 42, 85.
124.
Ibid.
125.
Singh, The Akali Stuggle, 16–26.
126.
Ivi, 4–10, 94–5.
127.
Ivi, 28–44. About Nankana, see Jagtar Singh Grewal, The Akalis: A Short History, (Chandigarh: Punjab Studies Publications, 1996), 39–41. See also Mohinder Singh, ‘Akali Agitation over the “Keys Affair”. An Early Victory of Non-cooperation’, in Verinder Grover (ed.), Story of Punjab Yesterday and Today, (New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publication, 1995), 376–85.
128.
Singh, The Akali Struggle, 147–9.
129.
Ivi, 53. See also Harbans Singh, Nehru Family and the Sikhs, (New Delhi BR Publishing Corporation, 1984), 14–26.
130.
‘Gandhi to Nehru’, 14 March 1924; ‘Nehru to Gandhi’, 13 March 1924, file 4(1), AICC, NMML. ‘Gandhi to Nehru’, 15 March 1924, in The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (hereafter CWMG), vol. 23, (New Delhi: The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1967), 154–5; ‘Gandhi to Mangal Singh’, 16 March 1924, ivi, 263.
131.
‘Nehru to Panikkar’, 27 March 1924, file 4(1)/1924, AICC, NMML.
132.
‘Panikkar to Nehru’, 23 March 1924, file 4(1)/1924, AICC, NMML.
133.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 18 April 1924, intercepted by the British, R/1/1/1518, IOR. In another letter, Panikkar dubbed local press as “inflammatory and untrustworthy”: ‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 11 April 1924, Gandhi Ashram, Sabarmati (hereafter GAS).
134.
‘Nehru to Panikkar’, 2 April 1924; ‘Panikkar to Nehru’, 5 April 1924; ‘Jaito Firing Report’, undated, file 4(1)/1924, AICC, NMML. ‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 29 March 1924, GAS.
135.
‘Note by a correspondent of the C.I.D., Punjab’, 18 April 1924, R/1/1/1518, IOR.
136.
In writing to Mangal Singh, one of the Sikh leaders closer to him, Gandhi deplored the violent outbursts of the newspaper: “I was deeply hurt on reading it. Don’t you think that it reeks with gross exaggeration and falsehood? […] If the Onward is to be run as the official organ, you should have a sober and truthful editor.” ‘Gandhi to Mangal Singh and Raja Singh’, 5 April 1924, CWMG, vol. 23, 372.
137.
‘Panikkar to Nehru’, 31 March 1924, file 4(1)/1924, AICC, NMML.
138.
According to Mohinder Singh, Panikkar’s reports, the influence of Lala Lajpat Rai, and official propaganda are the reasons of Gandhi’s change of mind with respect to the gurdwara reform agitation: see Singh, The Akali Struggle, 81 and Mohinder Singh, ‘Akali Struggle: Past and Present’, in Joseph O’Connell (ed.), Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century, (New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1988), 191–210.
139.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 11 April 1924, GAS.
140.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 1 April 1924, GAS.
141.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 11 April 1924, GAS.
142.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 1 April 1924, GAS.
143.
‘Panikkar to Nehru’, 23 March 1924, file 4(1), AICC NMML.
144.
‘Nehru to Panikkar’, 2 April 1924, file 4(1)/1924, AICC, NMML.
145.
On the gurdwara reform movement as a vehicle for developing a peculiar Sikh identity in Punjab, see Prem Raman Uprety, Religion and Politics in Punjab in the 1920s, (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1980).
146.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 11 April 1924, GAS. ‘Panikkar to Nehru’, undated, file 4(1)/1924, AICC, NMML.
147.
‘Panikkar a Gandhi’, 18 April 1924, intercepted by the British, R/1/1/1518, IOR.
148.
K.M. Panikkar, The Ideals of Sikhism, (Amritsar: Sikh Tract Society, 1924).
149.
Suntharalingam, Indian Nationalism, 291.
150.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 2 June 1924, GAS.
151.
Saifuddin Kitchlew was one of the most important local Muslim leaders: see Amandeep Bal, A Nationalist Muslim in Colonial Punjab: Life and Times of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, (Chandigarh: Unistar, 2015).
152.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, undated, GAS.
153.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 1 April 1924, GAS.
154.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 9 May 1924, GAS.
155.
Kumar, Political Evolution in Kerala, 120. Dilip Menon, Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India. Malabar 1900–1948 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 81.
156.
Ravindran, Vaikkam Satyagraha and Gandhi, 69.
157.
‘Kesava Menon to Gandhi’, 19 March 1924, CWMG, vol. 23, 560–1; ‘Gandhi to Kesava Menon’, 3 April 1924, ivi, 272–3.
158.
‘Gandhi to Panikkar’, 10 April 1924, GAS.
159.
‘Gandhi to Kesava Menon’, 19 March 1924, CWMG, vol. 23, 272–3.
160.
‘Gandhi’s interview to The Hindu’, 15 April 1924, ivi, 441.
161.
Ravindran, Vaikkam Satyagraha and Gandhi, 70.
162.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 16 May 1924, GAS.
163.
Menon, Caste, Nationalism and Communism, 82. On Vaikom satyagraha, see also Sreedhara Menon, Kerala and the Freedom Struggle, (Kottayam: D.C. Books, 1997), 75 and Kumar, Political Evolution in Kerala, 120–1.
164.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 31 July 1924, GAS.
165.
‘Nehru to Maulana Mohammad Ali’, 30 July 1924, file 4(1)/1924, AICC, NMML.
166.
Panikkar, An Autobiography, 48.
167.
‘Panikkar to Gandhi’, 31 July 1924, GAS.
168.
‘Notes by C. Kaye’, 21 July 1924 and 01 august 1924, file 255/I/25, Political Branch (hereafter PB), HD. ‘Note by C. Kaye’, R/1/1/1714, IOR.
169.
‘Speech at the Opening Ceremony of The Hindustan Time’, 17 September 1924, CWMG, vol. 25 (New Delhi: The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1967), 150.
170.
The Hindustan Times, 27 September 1924, 6.
171.
The Hindustan Times, 9 October 1924, 6; 18 October 1924, 6; 1 February 1925, 6.
172.
The Hindustan Times, 5 December 1924, 4; 17 December 1924, 6, 3 March 1925, 4.
173.
The Hindustan Times, 14 April 1925, 6.
174.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Past and the Present’, The Modern Review, 36: 4, 1924, 387. The text was reprinted in The Hindustan Times, 21 October 1924, while the idea is present also in K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Principles of Social Progress’, The Hindustan Times. 31 December 1924, 4.
175.
Panikkar, ‘The Past and the Present’, 389–90.
176.
The Hindustan Times, 7, 8, 20 and 23 November 1924, 27 December 1924, 6.
177.
The Hindustan Times, 19, 26 and 27 February 1925, 4.
178.
The Hindustan Times, 29 and 30 October 1924, 12 February 1925, 28 March 1925, 6.
179.
The Hindustan Times, 14 February 1925, 10, 21 and 25 March 1925, 6.
180.
The Hindustan Times, 10 March 1925, 8.
181.
The Hindustan Times, 14 and 15 October 1924, 6.
182.
The Hindustan Times, 6 and 10 December 1924, 6.
183.
The Hindustan Times, 23 October 1924, 6.
184.
The Hindustan Times, 4 October, 1924, 4 November 1924, 6.
185.
The Hindustan Times, 17 October 1924, 4.
186.
The Hindustan Times, 30 January 1925, 6.
187.
Panikkar, ‘The Native States and Indian Nationalism’.
188.
K.M.P., ‘Bikanir’s Imperialism’, The Hindustan Times, 11 November 1924, 6–7.
189.
Ganga Singh’s counsellors appreciated the work but suggested the Maharaja to refuse in view of the sensitivity of the topic. ‘KM Panikkar’, file 2044, Maharaja Ganga Singh Trust, Bikaner (hereafter MGSTB).
190.
Kushwant Singh, ‘Sardar Panikkar’, and relevant answer by Mangal Singh, The Illustrated Weekly of India, 7 August 1977, 42–43. Panikkar, An Autobiography, 54.
191.
‘Intelligence Bureau, Home Department, Government of India to Major Sir John Wallinger’, 9 September 1925, L/PJ/12/264, IOR.
192.
‘Extract from the Madras Classified List of Political Suspects’, 9 September 1925, L/PJ/12/264, IOR. ‘K.M. Panikkar, editor Hindustan Times, Scotland Yard reports on activities, 1925’, undated, L/PJ/12/264, IOR.
193.
‘Documents. Asia and Peace’, India Quarterly, 2: 2, 1946, 192–5.
194.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘La tache de Lord Irwin nouveau vice-roi des Indes’, Europe Nouvelle, 9: 434, 1926, 828–30.
195.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Psychology of the Hindu-Muslim Riots’, Contemporary Review, 131: 738, 1927, 230–6.
196.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘The Colour Problem in the British Empire’, Revue des Nations, 1: 2, 1927, 102–10.
197.
K.M. Panikkar, ‘Militarism and Empire’, Modern Review, 39: 3, 1926, 266–8 and Id., ‘The Reflex Action of Colonialism on Europe’, Revue des Nations, 1: 5, 1927, 126–30.
198.
K.M. Panikkar, An Introduction to the Study of the Relations of Indian States with the Government of India, (London: Hopkinson & Co., 1927).
199.
Copland, The Princes of India, 17–21. Ramusack, The Indian Princes, 88–131.
200.
Copland, The Princes of India, 33–41.
201.
‘Indian Round Table Conference, proceedings of the meetings Oct 1930–Jan 1931: note by Political Department’, L/PS/13/287, IOR.
202.
Surjit Mansingh, The Historical Dictionary of India, (New Delhi: Vision Books, 1998), 85.
203.
Copland, The Princes of India, 55.
204.
At the same time Panikkar was investigating the relationship between British India and princely states from the point of view of international law, as modified by the establishment of the League of Nations. K.M. Panikkar, ‘International Law Affecting Indian States’, The Indian Review, 28: 9, 1927, 571–4.
205.
Panikkar, An Introduction, xxvii–xxviii.
206.
See Christopher Bayly, The New Cambridge History of India, vol. 21: Indian Society and the Making of British Empire, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988) and Ramusack, The Indian Princes, 48–87.
207.
Kerala Putra (pseud. K.M. Panikkar), The Working of Dyarchy in India, 1919–1928, (Bombay: Taraporevala Sons & Co., 1928).
208.
Ivi, 82.
209.
Ivi, 111–2.
210.
Ivi, vi.
211.
Ivi, 116.
212.
Ivi, 123.
213.
Ivi, 148–9.

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Department of Historical Studies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Mauro Elli
Department of Aerospace Sciences and Technologies, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
Rita Paolini

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Elli, M., Paolini, R. (2023). Pursuing the Idea of India. In: Indian National Identity and Foreign Policy. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36425-9_2

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