Abstract
Comprehensive systematic account of the development of the avian respiratory system, specifically that of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus, is presented. Factors and conditions that determine and drive the intricate morphogenetic processes are presented and the most important morphological changes are specified. Ensuing developmental processes such as branching morphogenesis and the role that molecular factors (morphogenetic cues) play in elaboration of the complex morphology of the avian respiratory system is specified. Very early in its development, the lung is firmly affixed to the vertebrae and the ribs on the dorsolateral aspects and the air sacs form as blister-like outgrowths from the cranial, the ventral, and the caudal edges of the organ. At the end of the incubation period, i.e., at hatching (day 21), for the precocial domestic fowl, the respiratory system is well-developed for gas exchange: the air- and the blood capillaries are well-formed, the blood-gas barrier is very thin, and the respiratory surface area is large.
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Maina, J.N. (2023). Development of the Avian Respiratory System. In: Current Perspectives on the Functional Design of the Avian Respiratory System. Zoological Monographs, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35180-8_2
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